Sunday, May 17, 2020
Roman Civilization - 943 Words
At its height, the Roman Empire was the most powerful domain in the world. It was at its largest in the second century AD and it spread across three continents. This Empire had diverse languages and cultures. Nevertheless by the 3rd century A.D, Romans were on swift decline. This fast decline was caused by extreme changes in their civilization. The changes consisted of new leaders controlling the region, Rome becoming spilt up into two sections, and Christianity gaining all of religious control. There was very much a rapid downfall with many more changes as well, such as the spread of Roman law and trade .Many people say that decline is what made Rome so famous today. Rome was found by Romulus and his brother Remus on the 21st of Aprilâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Many will argue that barbarians helped to destroy Rome but also ââ¬Å"we may say that the Barbarians maintained rather than destroyed the Empireâ⬠Another aspect which enhanced Roman civilization was architecture and culture. There were unique buildings within Rome and it saw itself as the centre of culture. There were markets built for Emperor Trajan to mark the wealth within the Empire. One of the greatest buildings that was built would have been the Pantheon. This was ââ¬Å"The temple for all godsâ⬠this is where different religions could value each other. Numerous buildings that were constructed were a sign of roman riches and authority within the Empire. Pantheon message was clear, the empire was huge, watched over and protected by the gods. As time progressed there was a change in architecture. It was reflected by the change to Christianity within the empire. Various churches were built throughout the empire to illustrate the empire as Christians. This was a significant time for the Roman Empire. It went through vast changes from becoming Christian to the building of ââ¬Ësecond Romeââ¬â¢. There are many reasons to which Rome was an advanced civilization. Art, literature and political life have all been very much incorporated into the social structure of our lives because of the Roman Empire. -------------------------------------------- [ 2 ]. A History of Medieval Europe; From Constantine to St Louis, R.H.CShow MoreRelatedThe Roman And Roman Civilization1036 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Roman civilization isnââ¬â¢t a vague memory from the past, but is instead still present everywhere you look in Western civilization. It isnââ¬â¢t easy to ignore or miss the greatness that once was and still is from this grand empire. The Roman cultureââ¬â¢s greatness was based off the imitation, but vastly improved ideas of nearby cultures for its own purpose. The majority of the concepts or ideas in Rome came from their association with the Etruscan, Egyptian and Greek civilizations. Yet, the Roman cultureââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Classical Romans And The Roman Civilization1202 Words à |à 5 PagesMarlee Bunker HIS-111-02 Mr. Shelton October 13, 2014 The Classical Romans There is a lot of background on the Classical Roman Civilization. They had many traditions and values that came from ancient Italians. The culture of the Romans was inclined by classical Greece. Many of the things that Romans did came from the Greeks. They were the type who did not like the idea of new things coming to place because they thought it may be dangerous. They wanted to keep the old traditions and values, asRead MoreGreek and Roman civilizations1262 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe Greek and Roman empires. These empires began as small city-states, and grew to become the powerful empires we know today. The Greek and Roman empires were not always enemies, considering the Romans were greatly influenced by the Greek culture. The two civilizations shared many similarities, but had different opinions on government operations. There are three different periods that span the history of the Greek and Roman empires; the Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman civilization. I will thoroughlyRead MoreThe Greek And Roman Civilizations830 Words à |à 4 Pages . The Greek and Roman Civilizations were quite similar in their Art, their Womenââ¬â¢s Rights, and their Geographic location. The Greek believed their painted, sculpted and carved depictions of the people should be absolutely perfect. Especially the men. They found that the physical form was most pleasing to the eye and wanted to accentuate that beauty and deliver it through art. They sought out to present infinite elegance. Flawless statues and paintings showedRead MoreThe Roman And Greek Civilization940 Words à |à 4 PagesIt is truly fascinating how two different civilizations could fabricate almost every inch of society as long as humans can remember for thousands of years into the future and beyond. From the calendar and toilet to modern roads and concrete, both the Roman and Greek civilization terraformed the world and our homes. Both civilizations also introduced a wider variety of religion, mathematics, science, art and architecture concepts, machinery, military technology and strategy, astronomy, agricultureRead MoreThe Ancient Roman Civilization1316 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Ancient Roman civilization was a remarkable society noted in history, it was led by countless great leaders that sustained the great civilization for ages. The Romans encountered many wars and battles, they didnââ¬â¢t win all of their battles; however, theyââ¬â¢ve learne d through their failures to improve upon the progress of their society. In 264 BC to 146 BC the Romans were involved in a prolonged war with the Carthaginians, known as the Punic War. (Chris Scarre, 24-25) The word Punic comes from theRead MoreThe Decline Of The Roman Civilization1357 Words à |à 6 PagesThroughout history, civilizations have risen to and fallen from power. The accomplishments of these peoples are not only important because of their places in history, but also because of the impact that they had on the world. Some of these groups of people were only able to create small, but still important settlements. Others were able to establish large empires that controlled vast areas and directly changed the lives of many who were under their rule. The Roman civilization was one of these massiveRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Civilization1565 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction- Since Roman Civilization Rome itself is highly recognized for its most notorious dynasties of all the city gained its own image in exposing harsh cruelty. During the years in BC Imperial and administration earned Hellenistic Empires from republic, after being discovered in Sicily, Macedonia, between The Seleucid and Egypt itself was barely modify to a lending degree to prevail percentages from the Domain, Ever since then Rome has always been widely known for its brutal behavior andRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Civilization1622 Words à |à 7 Pagesinaccuracies within it, the fresco as an allusion to classical civilization was clear. Although the actual event was at Mantua, the picture implied that the event occurred at Rome, perhaps to evoke more strong memories of Roman civilization. The event marked the end of the Hunnic invasion, and represented one of the last moments of pride in ancient Roman civilization (Priore 171). The premise of the entire fresco was based of f of an ancient Roman event, following the ever present Renaissance trend of goingRead MoreThe Roman Empire : A Sophisticated Civilization1262 Words à |à 6 PagesHistory 7.2 March 24 , 2015 The Roman Civilization The Roman empire was a very sophisticated civilization. The empire lasted from 27 BC through 476 CE. They had a republic government that was very strict,there was also times ruled under emperors. It was a powerful nation with a strong in military leadership, agriculture, and trade. The world as it is known today would not be the same without the existence of the determined leadership of the Roman empire. The Roman empire began in 27 BC and ended
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Managing Organizational Diversity - 845 Words
Because of globalization, there is need for improved relations among people of diverse beliefs, backgrounds as well as cultures. In the modern world, individuals no longer work and live in a confined marketplace: they have become part of the emerging world economies with competition from every corner of the continent. Therefore, it is important for non-profit and profit organizations to not only become open to change but also be creative. According to Kouzes Barry (2002) ââ¬Å"management of diversity has gained popularity in the recent years and despite its distinct contexts, it is gaining more attention as a result of demographic development, mobility of national and global workforce, international and globalised business as well as increased competitivenessâ⬠. Diversity is not only beneficial to the employees but also to organizationsââ¬â¢ managers. Even though associates are perceived as being interdependent in the workplace, respecting workers differences can contribut e to organizational growth (Loysk, 1996). Additionally, diversity within the organization can result into increased marketing opportunities, business image, recruitment, creativity and reduced lawsuits (Cox, 2001). ââ¬Ëâ⬠In the era whereby creativity and flexibility are key contributors to competitiveness, diversity is essential in success of the organizationâ⬠. However, the consequences of loss of money and time should be put into consideration. According to Cox (2001) ââ¬Å"human resource management activities in theShow MoreRelatedManaging Organizational Diversity : The Most Critical Leadership Issues Facing Organizations Today1925 Words à |à 8 Pages INTRODUCTION Managing organizational diversity is the most critical leadership issue facing organizations today. According to Daft, ââ¬Å"The growing diversity within organizations brings vitality and many benefits but also brings a variety of challenges, such as maintaining a strong corporate culture while supporting diversity, balancing work and family concerns, and coping with the conflict brought about by varying cultural stylesâ⬠(Daft, 2013). The United States is becoming more diverse every dayRead MoreLegal and Organizational Requirements on Equality, Diversity, Discrimination, Rights , Confidentiality and Sharing of Information in Relation to Managing and Developing Yourself and Your Workforce1002 Words à |à 5 Pages1. 1 Legal and organizational requirements on equality, diversity, discrimination, rights , confidentiality and sharing of information in relation to managing and developing yourself and your workforce Legislation forms a framework which all care homes must adhere to; this is carried out in many guises and includes many parliamentary acts such as human rights act 1998 and the mental health act 1993, these acts are designed to protect and promote rights and responsibilities of people within aRead MoreThe Value Of Ethical Conduct And Managing Diversity Essay1482 Words à |à 6 PagesGlobal Issue: The Value of Ethical Conduct and Managing Diversity Review of Subject This essay explores what Organizational Behavior (OB) is and the value of ethical conduct, and discusses the methods of managing diversity taking into consideration socializing and organization culture. OB is a study of the people in organization, about how they work, and how they produce results. Organizational ethical conducts are those morally accepted by the employees, the customers, and the public. It couldRead MoreOrganizational Success Is Increasingly Becoming Dependent On An Organization1627 Words à |à 7 Pages1.0 Introduction Organizational success is increasingly becoming dependent on an organizationââ¬â¢s ability to embrace a diverse workforce (Simmons et al., 2011). There exists more variety in the modern workforce than in previous years (Christian et al., 2006). This is largely due to the demographic factors like immigration and economic factors like globalization (Christian et al., 2006). The increase of globalization requires more interaction among people from different cultures, beliefs and backgroundRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words à |à 7 PagesWorkforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizationsRead MoreManaging Diversity Through Human Resource Management1056 Words à |à 5 PagesAmerican University of Science amp; Technology Assignment 2 Managing diversity through human resource management An international perspective and conceptual framework Prepared By: Samih El Kahtib Instructor: Dr. Hasan Saleh Managing diversity through human resource management An international perspective and conceptual framework Introduction Managing diversity reflects the reality that people differ in many visible amp; invisible ways; such as: * Age * Gender * MaritalRead MoreManaging Workforce Diversity: Principles of Management643 Words à |à 3 PagesManaging workforce diversity: Principles of management Workforce diversity can be an organizations greatest strength provided it is managed correctly. Diversity can generate organizational value. Workers of diverse backgrounds can provide input to management about how to cope with the challenges of the global marketplace. A Japanese-American employee can provide advice about to deal with a client from the Far East; a female employee can offer her input about how to market a new product to sparkRead MoreEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words à |à 6 Pagesorganizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplace. Diversity is rapidlyRead MoreEssay on Managing Diversity in the Workplace1207 Words à |à 5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy once said If we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools1 Kelli A. Green, Mayra Là ³pez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner2 Introduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are nowRead MoreEffective Diversity Management Essay1485 Words à |à 6 PagesThere are challenges to managing a diverse or variations of work population. Managing diversity is over merely acknowledging variations in individuals. It involves recognizing the worth of differences, promoting inclusiveness and combating or uprooting discrimination. Managers may be challenged with losses in personnel and work productivity because of prejudice and discrimination and complaints and legal actions against the organization (Devoe, 1999). Negative attitudes and behaviors may be barriers
Early Care and Education Programs â⬠Free Samples to Students
Question: Discuss about the Early Care and Education Programs. Answer: Introduction: Mrs. Betty White is an 85 year old woman and a widow of 5 years. She has been living in a low care aged care facility since her husband died. She has a supportive family and has a sonand a daughter.Her daughter lives locallyandvisits twicea week. Her sonlives interstate with his family.Members of her church also visit her once a week. She takes the help of family members and taxis to get around. Betty is an ex-smoker and gave up smoking 10 years ago.She has a medical history of Hypertension, Hypercholesterolaemia, Asthma/COPD, Osteoarthritis.She was admitted in the hospital as she was suffering from a chest infection.The doctors diagnosed that she was suffering from Left lower lobe pneumonia (Chan, 2015). When she was admitted in the hospital, she developed a fracture in the right neck of femur.Betty was taken to the Emergency Department (ED) with the help of an ambulance. She suffered from high temperature, shortness of breath and congestion in the chest.Her daughter Jane, was informed that her mother was hospitalized.A chest x-ray and blood tests were conducted in the ED and the reports showed that Betty was suffering from pneumonia.She was advised on intravenous (IV) antibiotics, oxygen therapy and Ventolin and Normal Saline nebulisersby the clinicians in the hospital. Betty was transferred to the respiratory or a medical ward on the same day in the afternoon(Lancaster, 2015). The clinical practice issues of concern in Bettys care that her mother was not given any medicaments in the morning by the nursing staff and usual medications were not written up on her medication chart (McFarland, 2014).Jane had a talk with the nurse that her mother seemed to be a bit confused and it was not normal as her mother was normally quite alert and orientated. Another concern during Bettys case was that her daughter was not informed about her condition becoming worse and a fellow patient in Bettys room rang the bell at 2am in order to call the staff and shouted ina loudvoice to seek help. The nurse found out that Betty was laying on the floor next to her bed.Her IV was pulled out and there was blood was all over the floor.She was moaning.It was observed by the nurses that Betty had developed a laceration on her forehead and her right leg and foot was externally rotated.The nurses also found out that Betty had urinated on the floor.When Jane was informed about it she was fur ious that proper care was not given to her mother inspite of informing the nurse that she was in a confused state(Wall Morrison, 2014). Betty was observed by the resident medical officer, who advised an urgent head CT scan and x-ray of her legs.The reports of the CT scan were normal but the x-ray showed that Betty had developed an intracapsular fracture in her right neck of femur.Betty was advised a surgery by the orthopaedic team in the morning and her hip wound edges were not healing as she had developed an infection.This shows that the surgical procedure was not successful as well(gotnes, Jacobsen, Petersen, 2016). The National Health and Safety Standardswere developed by the Commission in order to improve the quality of health care in Australia by the implementation of safety and quality systems.There are 10 NSQHS Standards in order to ensure quality care for patients and satisfaction. These are as follows: Governance for Safety and Quality in Health Service Organisations which involves the provision of quality healthcare services to the patients. Partnering with Consumers which aims to develop several strategies in order to develop a health system that is consumer-centred. It also includes taking a feedback from consumers during the development and design of quality health care. Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections which involves different types strategies in order to prevent infection in patients during the treatment in the healthcare system and.It also involves using proper methods to manage infections in an effective manner when they occur to reduce the drastic health effects(Alkon, Rose, Wolff, Aronson, 2016). Medication Safety which involves the formation of proper systems and s trategies in order to make sure that the clinicians have prescribed and administer to patients. Patient Identification and Procedure Matching which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies for the correct identification of patients.This standard is developed to make sure that the identity of the patient matches with the correct treatment(Huber, 2013). Clinical Handover which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies in order to make sure that the clinical communication is done in an effective manner to provide proper patient care. Blood and Blood Products which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies to make sure that management of blood and blood products received by the patients safe, effective and appropriate(Moorhead, Johnson, Swanson, 2014). Preventing and managing pessure injuries which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies in order to prevent pressure injuries developing in patients and providing proper practice management during the occurrence of pressure injuries . Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration in acute health care which which involves the formation of appropriate systems and processes that should be implemented by health service organisations in order to respond to patients in an effective manner when their health condition gets worsened(Potter, 2014). 10. Preventing Falls and Harm from Falls which which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies in order to reduce the occurrence of patients falls in health service organisations and providing proper care. It can be observed from the case study of Betty that there are a few National Health and Safety Standards that have been breached in providing her proper care.These are Standard 1, Governance for Safety and Quality in Health Service Organisations because Betty was not provided quality care in the hospital as the nurse allotted to her did not take proper care during the night in spite of knowing that she was in a confused state. She was also being admitted in a 4 bed ward that was quite far off from the nurses(Steven, Magnusson, Pearson, 2014). Her daughter was also not informed when her health worsened during the night. Another nursing standard that was breached is Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections, because after the surgery was done she developed an infection which shows that proper strategies were not followed by the clinicians during the surgery. Standard 4,that is Medication Safety was also breached because Bretty was not prescribed any medicines by the nurse when she was admitted in the ED and her daughter had to inform the same to the nurse(Rosenthal, 2014). The two standards that could have been maintained by the healthcare staff in the delivery of care to Betty and her family during her hospitalisation are Standard 1 and Standard 4. Standard 1 is Governance for Safety and Quality in Health Service Organisationswhich involves the provision of quality health services by the health service organisations in order to implement safe practices. The clinicians would have transparent towards betty and her daughter Jane and should provided proper information about her disease. The health care services should have been flexible easy in its access. There should have been recruitment of dedicated nurses.(Peabody, 2015) There would have been positive impact in health. There should be proper education of patients which can lead to reduction of the anxiety, stress and pain during their hospital journey. Betty and her daughter should have been given proper information about the disease, its symptoms, treatment plan and preventive measures to avoid any confusion and to tackle the disease. Lack of good communication has lead to misinterpretation and errors in the treatment. Betty should have been properly counseled and provided emotional support to boost her confidence and improve her self-esteem. Betty should have asked queries and doubts about the disease. This would have motivated her in improving her satisfaction. She should have properly evaluated the progress being made and also if there is any symptoms of ill effects. (Jones, 2016). Betty should have been provided with the various strategies for self management by the clinicians .They should work as collaborative team to provide proper communication to her as well to her daughter.This would have helped in enhancing her safety. Betty and her daughter should be provided the clear instructions of the medicines and the measures to be taken .(Festini, 2014).The precautions should have been advised to her such as she must be given a separate toilet at home if possible or should flush the toilet every time they use them. To get rid of the infections the caregivers must be supplied with gloves when they are handling the blood or urine samples.(Ball, Murrells, Rafferty, Griffiths, 2013). Standard 4 that is medication safety was also breached in the case of Bretty. It involves the documentation of correct medicines in the medication chart of the patient in order to prevent serious side effects. Documentation in nursing is a very important in healthcare and it is obtained by electronic means in to information that is recorded about the patient who will be undergoing treatment. The main objective of these systems is that it helps in decision analysis and facilitates treatment.The information is recorded in clinical database and can be used as future reference and evidence(Daly Jackson, 2017). It also includes various other reports like Magnetic Resonance Imaging, electrocardiograms and computerized tomography.Documenting care can be defined as a medical electronic record that will give the basic information of the patient, medices prescribed and treatments. In the case of Bretty, her nurse forgot to write medications in her medication chart and she was not given any me dicines. It would have led to serious medical complications in her if her daughter had not informed the nurse at the right time. There are various advantages of electronic health medical records like the patient records can be accessed more quickly and efficiently. It lowers the healthcare costs by proper coordination of the healthcare services by reduction in redundant and useless tests. It also provides better health care by improving all aspects of patient care like proper communication, being patientcentric and other important aspects of patient care. It enables the doctors to diagnose a disease more efficiently and reduces the chances of medical errors during surgical procedures The patients admitted in the ward in the health care organizations should be provided patient centered care. Nurses should try their best in providing quality care that would help in improving the health and well being of their patients. They should follow the basic ethical principles include Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence Justice, Paternalism. Autonomy reverts to the fact that the nurses should respect the choice and the decisions of their patients as they are also human beings and have the right to freedom of choice. Non-maleficence means that the nurses should do not harm their patients during the treatment procedure. They should be active and alert at all times and should have a sense of responsibility. Beneficience means that the nurses should try their best in providing quality care that would help in improving the health and well being of their patients (Staunton and Chiarella 2016).Justice means that the nurses should not be impartial to all their patients and there s hould be no discrimination on the basis of caste and religion. Fidelity means that the nurses should be loyal, faithful and treat their patients with dignity and respect. They should try their best to perform their duties and be responsible towards their patients. The health professionals providing patient care should be responsible towards their patients as well towards their family members. The clinicians should be supportive and should provide guidelines on the various precautions to be taken. They should also make sure they solve their problems and issues. They should provide appropriate health care services by using proper communication skills and ensure patient satisfaction. They should provide proper counseling and psychosocial care to get rid of emotional health like pain, anxiety; distress and low self esteem occurred due to the health issues.(Lewis, 2013). Patient safety can be ensured by identifying patients correctly by mentioning their name and date of birth, improved staff communication, safe use of medicines by administering them carefully in the patients.This will help in preventing various kinds of infections caused by different pathogens such as bacteria and viruses in the patients especially those who have undergone surgery(Lord Tiedemann, 2013) Several protective measures should taken by the health organizations to avoid various kinds of infection, injuries or accidents. It leads to serious complications, slow recovery, increased length of hospitalization and also unnecessary deaths of patients.It is a top priority in many hospitals but some hospitals are not able to avoid errors during their treatment. Hospitals should recruit safe and a competent nurse and the one who follows all the regulations, standards and the professional values during the service.The nurses should follow all the legal and ethical principles of nursing.There should be safe use of alarms to prevent mistakes in various surgical processes and identify safety risks in patients.They should take consent from the patient and his family members before starting the treatment procedure. Nurses should follow proper nursing interventions to patients according to the policies formed for the practice. References Agotnes, Jacobsen, Petersen, H. . (2016). A Critical Review of Research on Hospitalization from Nursing Homes; What is Missing?. Ageing. Alkon, Rose, Wolff, Aronson, K. . (2016). Health and Safety Checklist for Early Care and Education Programs to Assess Key National Health and Safety Standards. Maternal and child health journa , 20(1), 114-127. Ball, Murrells, Rafferty, Griffiths, M. (2013). Care left undoneduring nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care. Quality nd Safety in Health Care, bmjqs . Chan. (2015). Viral pneumonia: diagnosis and management.In Congress of Asian Pacific Society of Respirology. . Asian Pacific Society of Respirology . Daly, Jackson, (2017). Contexts of nursing: An introduction. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Festini. (2014). Family-centered care. Italian journal of pediatrics, , 40(1), A33. Huber. (2013). Leadership and nursing care management. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Jones.(2016). The nursing practice environment, staff retention, and quality of care. Research in nursing health, , 19(4), 331-343. Lancaster.(2015). Public Health Nursing-E-Book: Population-Centered Health Care in the Community. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lewis. (2013). Lewis's Medical-surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. . Elsevier Australia. Lord, Tiedemann,(2013). A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention. Physical therapy , 83(3), 237-252. McFarland. (2014). Transcultural nursing concepts, theories, research and practice. Moorhead, Johnson, Swanson (2014). Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)-E-Book: Measurement of Health Outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences. Peabody. (2015). The care of the patient. Jama , 313(18), 1868-1868.. Potter. (2014). Fundamentals of nursing (Vol. 1). Mosby Incorporated. Rosenthal. (2014). Pharmacology for Nursing Care-E-Book. . Elsevier Health Sciences . Steven, Magnusson, Pearson,(2014). Patient safety in nursing education: contexts, tensions and feeling safe to learn. . Nurse education today, , 34(2), 277-284. Wall, Morrison,(2014). Bridging the theory practice gap through clinical simulations in a nursing under-graduate degree program in Australia. International Journal of Learning, . Teaching and Educational Research, , 8(1).
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