The Essay by Essay free essay sample

The reality of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary is connected in Luke 1:26-38. The Evangelist reveals to us that in the 6th month after the origination of St. John the Baptist by Elizabeth, the holy messenger Gabriel was sent from God to the Virgin Mary, at Nazareth, an unassuming community in the mountains of Galilee. Mary was of the place of David, and was upheld (I. e. hitched) to Joseph, of a similar regal family. She had, in any case, not yet entered the family unit of her mate, yet was still in her moms house, working, maybe, over her settlement. (Bardenhewer, Maria Verk. , 69). Furthermore, the holy messenger having taken the figure and the type of man, came into the house and said to her: Hail, loaded with beauty (to whom is given elegance, supported one), the Lord is with thee. Mary having heard the welcome words didn't express; she was upset in soul, since she knew not the blessed messenger, nor the reason for his coming, nor the significance of the greeting. We will compose a custom article test on The Essay by Essay or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Also, the blessed messenger proceeded and stated: Fear not, Mary, for thou hast discovered elegance with God. Observe thou shalt consider in thy belly, and shalt deliver a child; and thou shalt call his name Jesus. He will be incredible, and will be known as the Son of the Most High; and the Lord God will give unto him the seat of David his dad; and he will reign in the place of Jacob until the end of time. Also, of his realm there will be no closure. The Virgin comprehended that there was question of the coming Redeemer. Yet, for what reason would it be a good idea for her to be chosen from among ladies for the marvelous nobility of being the mother of the Messiah, having promised her virginity to God? (St. Augustine). Hence, not questioning the expression of Godlike Zachary, however loaded up with dread and awe, she stated: How will this be done, on the grounds that I know not man? The holy messenger to expel Marys nervousness and to guarantee her that her virginity would be saved, replied: The Holy Ghost will happen upon thee and the intensity of the Most High will eclipse thee. What's more, along these lines likewise the Holy which will be conceived of thee will be known as the Son of God. In badge of reality of his assertion he made known to her the origination of St. John, the extraordinary pregnancy of her relative now old and sterile: And observe, thy cousin Elizabeth; she likewise has considered a child in her mature age, and this is the 6th month with her that is called desolate: on the grounds that no word will be unthinkable with God. Mary may not yet have completely comprehended the significance of the sublime message and how the maternity may be accommodated with her promise of virginity, however sticking to the main expressions of the blessed messenger and trusting to the Omnipotence of God she stated: Behold the handmaid of the Lord, be it done to me as indicated by thy word. Since 1889 Holzmann and numerous Protestant essayists have attempted to show that the refrains Luke 1:34-35, containing the message of origination through the Holy Ghost are added. Usener infers the source of the fantasy from the pagan legend venerate; however Harnack attempts to demonstrate that it is of Judaic starting point (Isaiah 7:14, Behold a Virgin will imagine, and so on ). Bardenhewer, be that as it may, has completely settled the realness of the content (p. 13). St. Luke may have taken his insight into the occasion from a more seasoned record, written in Aramaic or Hebrew. The words: Blessed workmanship thou among ladies (v. 28), are deceptive and taken from stanza 42, the record of the Visitation. Cardinal Cajetan needed to comprehend the words: since I know not man, not of things to come, however just of the past: up to this hour I don't know man. This show mistake, which repudiates the expressions of the content, has been all around dismissed by every single Catholic creator. The sentiment that Joseph at the hour of the Annunciation was a matured single man and Mary twelve or fifteen years old, is established distinctly upon spurious archives. The neighborhood custom of Nazareth imagines that the heavenly attendant met Mary and welcomed her at the wellspring, and when she fled from him in dread, he followed her into the house and there proceeded with his message. (Buhl, Geogr. v. Palaest. , 1896. ) The year and day of the Annunciation can't be resolved as long as new material doesn't illuminate the subject. The current date of the dining experience (25 March) relies on the date of the more established dining experience of Christmas. The Annunciation is the start of Jesus in His human instinct. Through His mom He is an individual from mankind. In the event that the virginity of Mary previously, during, and after the origination of her Divine Son was constantly viewed as a feature of the store of confidence, this was done uniquely by virtue of the verifiable realities and tributes. The Incarnation of the Son of God didn't in itself require this exemption from the laws of nature. Just reasons of convenience are given for it, mainly, the finish of the Incarnation. Going to establish another age of the offspring of God, The Redeemer doesn't show up in the method of natural ages: the intensity of the Holy Spirit enters the modest belly of the Virgin, shaping the humankind of Christ. Numerous sacred dads (Sts. Jerome, Cyril, Ephrem, Augustine) state that the assent of Mary was basic to the reclamation. It was the desire of God, St. Thomas says (Summa III:30), that the reclamation of humankind ought to rely on the assent of the Virgin Mary. This doesn't imply that God in His arrangements was limited by the desire of an animal, and that man would not have been reclaimed, if Mary had not assented. It just implies that the assent of Mary was anticipated from all forever, and thusly was gotten as basic into the plan of God

Social Studies Csec Study Guide free essay sample

Customarily, marriage has been viewed as the perfect condition wherein sexual relations can happen. Visiting connections 1 Who did Jean Roberts wed? 2 Name two of Bryan and Michelle Roberts’ grandkids. 3 What is David Ramsey’s relationship to Sarah Booth? 4 Who are Sarah Booth’s cousins? LE Monogamy and polygamy Monogamy is a type of marriage where an individual has just a single spouse or husband at once. In polygamy, an individual may have more than one spouse or husband simultaneously. Polygyny is the place a man has more than one spouse, and polyandry is the place a lady has more than one husband. In the event that a thing is minimized, it has moved from an increasingly focal situation out to the edges. At the point when we discussion of the minimization of guys, we are alluding to circumstances where guys are considerably less predominant or focal than they used to be. Ladies today are much of the time joint providers thus the family is less subject to the male for addressing its needs. We will compose a custom exposition test on Social Studies Csec Study Guide or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Females have been taking up and prevailing in training at ever-expanding rates and are found in numerous sorts of work that were previously the spot for guys as it were. For some men, there is a feeling that their place in family and society has gotten considerably less certain or secure. Set up an introduction for youth bunch pioneers in your nearby network that plots a system for helping male young people to embrace a constructive male personality. Your introduction should brie? y depict the changing jobs in Caribbean families and the impacts of these. Job con? ict EXAM TIP Be mindful of the idea that ladies have for the most part bene? ted fro m the progressions in traditio nal jobs while a few men battle to make the important changes. LE Role con? ict is generally applied to the circumstance where the capacity to perform one job is blocked by the need to play out another job simultaneously.

Tell it To Me Straight, Doc free essay sample

â€Å"The joy I feel right now is incredible. It is hard to clarify the delight I feel remaining before such a large number of youngsters keen on turning out to be specialists. I owe my life to my PCPs. As a result of their assist I with remaining here today, five years solid with AIDS.† Marcus was only one of numerous speakers who went to the National Youth Leadership Forum on Medicine in Chicago that I had the delight of tuning in to as a major aspect of a late spring program. I resulted in these present circumstances program trusting it would assist me with settling on medication and another calling. I started pondering whether such a touchy individual as myself could deal with the hardships and pitiful real factors of this occupation. While I strolled into this program uncertain of what calling I should seek after scholastically, I left sure about a choice to contemplate medication in the wake of tuning in to Marcus. The discussion had many intriguing speakers who discussed a wide scope of points, yet none of them measured up to Marcus. We will compose a custom paper test on Tell it To Me Straight, Doc or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Tall, rail slight, and weakly wearing an old suit, Marcus didn't give the impression of a unique speaker. In any case, I immediately discovered I had misconceived Marcus totally. In spite of the fact that he talked discreetly and with fear, his story was charming and extraordinary. His words dislike some other I had heard, and his life account sent chills all through the room. Marcus, a gay, secondary school drop-out, war veteran, who has been battling HIV since he was a quarter century old, has without a doubt confronted a lot of life challenges. Genuinely feeble from engaging a sickness that was gradually destroying his insusceptible framework, Marcus talked with astonishing quality and the embodiment of genuineness. His words were not persuasively assembled like the past speakers, yet they were genuine and rousing. While Marcus reviewed his most recent medical clinic visit because of a low T-cell check, I needed simply to be the specialist next to him. When Marcus found some concl usion on his discourse, I too discovered conclusion. I didn’t need to be a specialist; I should have been a specialist. As an individual thinking about medication as a calling, it appears to be practically funny that I can't put a determination to my yearning to help other people. The feeling is like a substantial load on my heart that must be lifted on the off chance that I attempt to have any kind of effect in someone’s life. While this mid year program furnished me with various noteworthy encounters that additionally assisted with impacting my choice, what I removed most from the program was the passionate fulfillment of being a specialist. Discovering trust in patients who have lost positive thinking would give me the most extreme satisfaction. I’ve consistently been the individual who went the additional mile for a companion, so I feel my character qualities are characteristics of a decent specialist. For the present, the weights of being a specialist appear to be insignificant, and my affectability for others will without a doubt help, not frustrate my capacity to think about patients.

Case Note -The United States vs. Hilton Hotel Corporation - Free Essay Example

United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Hilton Hotels Corporation et al., Defendants, western International Hotels Company, Defendant-appellant Facts The case of The United States vs. Hilton Hotel Corporation focuses on the inherent actions of the Hilton Head Corporation. The Hilton head corporation was accused of violating the Sherman Act of 1980 which was formulated to ban monopolistic practices among organizations and to protect the inherent opportunity of free trade among organizations (Epstein, 2009). Hilton Head Corporation was accused of violating this act based on the actions of the organizations heads of staff and lesser employees in Portland, Oregon. Operators of various entities in the city which included Hotel operators, restaurants as well as owners of Supply chain companies gathered in an effort to attract business conventions to the city. Financing for this endeavor included contributions that were to be submitted by members of the formed gro up. Contributions were based on predetermined amounts. Hilton Head , as a apart of the agreement among the group ruled that those entities that participated would receive preferential treatment and those that did not would be boycotted. The basis for the case served upon violation of the Sherman Act and its principles. The Sherman Act of 1980, in relation to those involved, was formed as a law for Antitrust. Under the act, free uninhibited competition is protected as a rule of trade. The Hilton Head International Hotel Company was accused of hindering free trade as the agreement among Appellant and others would inhibit free competition as those entities of hotel supply that did not participate would be boycotted. The act also covers any attempt of monopolization that could occur due to agreements made by organizations. Throughout the case the apparent evidence where trade restraint occurred without a reasonable doubt were difficult to discover based on the evidence. An important part of the case was also the Hotels intention. If the hotel intentionally formed alliances with other businesses with an intention other than the initial presented by the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ boards, then the firm could be found guilty under the basis of the Sherman Act. Coercion and Scope of employment also play a key role in the case as supplier involved participated due to wanting to maintain relationships that were conducive to a profitable business, thus the appearance of being coerced. Employees also go on the record, during trial, of saying to various suppliers that they should participate so that they would not lose large amounts of business. This evidence which came in the form of testimony by employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proved to be invalid due to directions given by heads of the Hilton Corporation to not participate in eth boycott and continue ordering from those that do not participate in the mulit-operator agreement. A direct agent of the Appellant was not ed on record to have reported to suppliers about the loss of business which brought about the question of employers being held liable for the actions of employees under the Sherman Act of 1980. Issue Should the employer be held liable for the actions of an employee held under the Sherman Act of 1980 that were against corporate policy and not authorized by the employer? Decision Ruling for the case was affirmed as evidence provided was sufficient in holding the employer liable for the acts of the agent. Section II The court ruling of the case was fair under the following circumstances: the inherent act of the employee, specifics under the Sherman Act of 1980 along with company policy and responsibility of the organization. Initially the court ruling for the case was affirmed in that it preceded with the ruling that was given to Hilton Head Corporation by the lower court. The act of the employee comes into question due to the notion of liability among corporate offic ers and directors. Under Corporate Office Doctrine, a court can impose liability (criminal) on an individual that is considered a corporate officer regardless if they actively participated or even had knowledge of the criminal violation (Miller Gentz, 2010). This is the issue with Hilton head Corporation. An agent of the corporation, who held a supervisory position, was noted to tell suppliers that that a loss of business would occur should they not decide to contribute to the association. The agent, according to Hilton Head Corporation, however was notified by an individual of higher authority to not participate in the boycott and to continue to order from suppliers even though they did not participate in the association. The employee then found it necessary to behave on their own merit and proceed to inform certain supplier of the potential loss of business due to non à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"participation. The court, in this instance was correct to hold the employer liable for the a ctions of the employee despite Hilton Corporation insinuating that the employee was obliged to do differently. Criminal liability can be imposed upon a business entity for acts or omissions of said firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that perform in the course and scope of their employment (New York Central Hudson R. R. Co. v. United States, 1909). The employee, as a result of their own behavior does not benefit oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self but instead benefits the corporation as a whole in ways included but not limited to: increased profit for the organization and proposed elimination of the competition. Due to this, the corporation of Hilton is and can be held liable for the actions of their employees as it is the corporation that will profit from the specific illegal activity mentioned and not the agent. Secondly, the Appellant is held liable due to specifics under the Sherman Act of 1980 along with company policy. Under the Antitrust Act, it is illegal for a c ontract or even a combination of the form to be utilized for the restraining of trade or commerce. Monopolization or any attempt thereof to gain a footing in trade or commerce is also illegal (Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U.S.C.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7). Though the Hilton Corporation claimed that the direct goal of the association formed among various entities in the community was to gain customers through conventions, the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agents proved otherwise. The deliberate statements of agents to non-participating suppliers did not aid in the stance Hilton Corporation was attempting to take during proceedings. Being that the goal of the Sherman Antitrust Act is to protect the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choice, the Hilton Corporation denied that ideal and thus violated the act. The case notes that formulation of the association was indeed not a tactic to meet a business objective but more or less a combined effort of those in the local hospitality busi ness to press on to suppliers who failed to contribute to the association. Company policy of Hilton Corporation as stated in the case is that the hotel is obliged to purchase from suppliers based on three fundamental entities. Those entities are price, quality, and service of the supplier. Judgment of purchase from a supplier based on anything other than mentioned is a direct violation of corporate policy. The purchasing agent who acted on his own merit not only aided in condoning acts that were against the Sherman Act of 1980 but also Hilton Head corporate policy. It is noted that a violation of the Sherman Act only occurs if price, quality and service is affected by the decision of a company or an agent. Acts of the purchasing agent, should suppliers comply would have directly affected price in that preferential treatment would have been given to those that participated in the association. Finally, the Appellant is held liable due to the responsibility of the organization. Unde r corporate doctrine, businesses must exhibit responsibility in terms of the actions of firm employees. This is due to the relationship that corporate officers hold with an organization. Corporate officers by law are obliged to know the conduct and whereabouts of employees as the officer themselves have the power to prevent proposed violations that might occur. A prime example of this is the case, United States vs. Park (1975). In this case, The CEO of a rather large grocery store chain was held liable for violations directly committed by corporate warehouses. Corporate warehouses of the grocery store chain violated FDA regulations as they contained food which exposed to rodent contamination. Though the violation was not committed directly by the CEO, the individual is still liable as he was in the authoritative position to cease the wrongdoing that occurred in the warehouse. Since this case, corporate officers have been held responsible for the acti0ons of their employees, hence th e ruling of the United States vs. Hilton Head. The purchasing agent of Hilton head was stated to be acting within the course and scope of their employment. Course and scope of employment entails the behavior that an employer directly expects of an employee as part of their specific job duties (Morisette, 2012). This also entails the basic of the employees job description, normal conduct of the individual performing the job as well as conduct during normal business hours. The behavior exhibited from the agent was assumed to be normal behavior even though it went against what corporate officers obligated the agent to do. Even still, the corporate officers were still held of the responsibility of making sure employees followed directions given as it as well in the corporate officers power. The case of The United States vs. Hilton Hotel Corporation focuses on the inherent actions of the Hilton Head Corporation. The Hilton head corporation was accused of violating the Sherman Act o f 1980 which was formulated to ban monopolistic practices among organizations and to protect the inherent opportunity of free trade among organizations. Hilton Head Corporation was accused of violating this act based on the actions of the organizations heads of staff and lesser employees in Portland, Oregon. Operators of various entities in the city which included Hotel operators, restaurants as well as owners of Supply chain companies gathered in an assumed effort to attract business conventions to the city. Financing for this endeavor included contributions that were to be submitted by members of the formed group. Contributions were based on predetermined amounts. Hilton Head , as a apart of the agreement among the group ruled that those entities that participated would receive preferential treatment and those that did not would be boycotted. The ruling of affirmed that was decided for the case of the United States vs. Hilton Head was fair in that it held the corporation liable for the act of the Purchasing agent. The ruling for the case is an attempt to hold the corporations liable for the acts of their employees. This is due to the notion that companies are responsible for educating their employees in a way where they are knowledgeable about company and industry specific standards. A form of accountability has been offered by the ruling of the case. Accountability needs to be exhibited by employers when employees actions are in the employees course and scope of employment, during company time, and the conduct is not outside of the employees normal conduct. References Miller, R., Jentz, G. (2010). Fundamentals of Business Law. Summarized Cases. 8th Ed. Mason: Cengage Learning. Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U.S.C.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7 New York Central Hudson R. R. Co. v. United States, 212 U.S. 481, 29 S.Ct. 304, 53 L.Ed. 613 (1909) United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975) Morissette, E.. (2012).Personal Injury a nd the Law of Torts for Paralegals. Frederick: Wolters Kluver Law Business ,. Epstein, R. A. (2009). Monopolization follies: The dangers of structural remedies under section 2 of the sherman act.Antitrust Law Journal,76(1), 205-237. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/89220456?accountid=158586

Roman Civilization - 943 Words

At its height, the Roman Empire was the most powerful domain in the world. It was at its largest in the second century AD and it spread across three continents. This Empire had diverse languages and cultures. Nevertheless by the 3rd century A.D, Romans were on swift decline. This fast decline was caused by extreme changes in their civilization. The changes consisted of new leaders controlling the region, Rome becoming spilt up into two sections, and Christianity gaining all of religious control. There was very much a rapid downfall with many more changes as well, such as the spread of Roman law and trade .Many people say that decline is what made Rome so famous today. Rome was found by Romulus and his brother Remus on the 21st of April†¦show more content†¦Many will argue that barbarians helped to destroy Rome but also â€Å"we may say that the Barbarians maintained rather than destroyed the Empire† Another aspect which enhanced Roman civilization was architecture and culture. There were unique buildings within Rome and it saw itself as the centre of culture. There were markets built for Emperor Trajan to mark the wealth within the Empire. One of the greatest buildings that was built would have been the Pantheon. This was â€Å"The temple for all gods† this is where different religions could value each other. Numerous buildings that were constructed were a sign of roman riches and authority within the Empire. Pantheon message was clear, the empire was huge, watched over and protected by the gods. As time progressed there was a change in architecture. It was reflected by the change to Christianity within the empire. Various churches were built throughout the empire to illustrate the empire as Christians. This was a significant time for the Roman Empire. It went through vast changes from becoming Christian to the building of ‘second Rome’. There are many reasons to which Rome was an advanced civilization. Art, literature and political life have all been very much incorporated into the social structure of our lives because of the Roman Empire. -------------------------------------------- [ 2 ]. A History of Medieval Europe; From Constantine to St Louis, R.H.CShow MoreRelatedThe Roman And Roman Civilization1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman civilization isn’t a vague memory from the past, but is instead still present everywhere you look in Western civilization. It isn’t easy to ignore or miss the greatness that once was and still is from this grand empire. The Roman culture’s greatness was based off the imitation, but vastly improved ideas of nearby cultures for its own purpose. The majority of the concepts or ideas in Rome came from their association with the Etruscan, Egyptian and Greek civilizations. Yet, the Roman culture’sRead MoreThe Classical Romans And The Roman Civilization1202 Words   |  5 PagesMarlee Bunker HIS-111-02 Mr. Shelton October 13, 2014 The Classical Romans There is a lot of background on the Classical Roman Civilization. They had many traditions and values that came from ancient Italians. The culture of the Romans was inclined by classical Greece. Many of the things that Romans did came from the Greeks. They were the type who did not like the idea of new things coming to place because they thought it may be dangerous. They wanted to keep the old traditions and values, asRead MoreGreek and Roman civilizations1262 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Greek and Roman empires. These empires began as small city-states, and grew to become the powerful empires we know today. The Greek and Roman empires were not always enemies, considering the Romans were greatly influenced by the Greek culture. The two civilizations shared many similarities, but had different opinions on government operations. There are three different periods that span the history of the Greek and Roman empires; the Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman civilization. I will thoroughlyRead MoreThe Greek And Roman Civilizations830 Words   |  4 Pages . The Greek and Roman Civilizations were quite similar in their Art, their Women’s Rights, and their Geographic location. The Greek believed their painted, sculpted and carved depictions of the people should be absolutely perfect. Especially the men. They found that the physical form was most pleasing to the eye and wanted to accentuate that beauty and deliver it through art. They sought out to present infinite elegance. Flawless statues and paintings showedRead MoreThe Roman And Greek Civilization940 Words   |  4 PagesIt is truly fascinating how two different civilizations could fabricate almost every inch of society as long as humans can remember for thousands of years into the future and beyond. From the calendar and toilet to modern roads and concrete, both the Roman and Greek civilization terraformed the world and our homes. Both civilizations also introduced a wider variety of religion, mathematics, science, art and architecture concepts, machinery, military technology and strategy, astronomy, agricultureRead MoreThe Ancient Roman Civilization1316 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ancient Roman civilization was a remarkable society noted in history, it was led by countless great leaders that sustained the great civilization for ages. The Romans encountered many wars and battles, they didn’t win all of their battles; however, they’ve learne d through their failures to improve upon the progress of their society. In 264 BC to 146 BC the Romans were involved in a prolonged war with the Carthaginians, known as the Punic War. (Chris Scarre, 24-25) The word Punic comes from theRead MoreThe Decline Of The Roman Civilization1357 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, civilizations have risen to and fallen from power. The accomplishments of these peoples are not only important because of their places in history, but also because of the impact that they had on the world. Some of these groups of people were only able to create small, but still important settlements. Others were able to establish large empires that controlled vast areas and directly changed the lives of many who were under their rule. The Roman civilization was one of these massiveRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Civilization1565 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction- Since Roman Civilization Rome itself is highly recognized for its most notorious dynasties of all the city gained its own image in exposing harsh cruelty. During the years in BC Imperial and administration earned Hellenistic Empires from republic, after being discovered in Sicily, Macedonia, between The Seleucid and Egypt itself was barely modify to a lending degree to prevail percentages from the Domain, Ever since then Rome has always been widely known for its brutal behavior andRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Civilization1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinaccuracies within it, the fresco as an allusion to classical civilization was clear. Although the actual event was at Mantua, the picture implied that the event occurred at Rome, perhaps to evoke more strong memories of Roman civilization. The event marked the end of the Hunnic invasion, and represented one of the last moments of pride in ancient Roman civilization (Priore 171). The premise of the entire fresco was based of f of an ancient Roman event, following the ever present Renaissance trend of goingRead MoreThe Roman Empire : A Sophisticated Civilization1262 Words   |  6 PagesHistory 7.2 March 24 , 2015 The Roman Civilization The Roman empire was a very sophisticated civilization. The empire lasted from 27 BC through 476 CE. They had a republic government that was very strict,there was also times ruled under emperors. It was a powerful nation with a strong in military leadership, agriculture, and trade. The world as it is known today would not be the same without the existence of the determined leadership of the Roman empire. The Roman empire began in 27 BC and ended

Managing Organizational Diversity - 845 Words

Because of globalization, there is need for improved relations among people of diverse beliefs, backgrounds as well as cultures. In the modern world, individuals no longer work and live in a confined marketplace: they have become part of the emerging world economies with competition from every corner of the continent. Therefore, it is important for non-profit and profit organizations to not only become open to change but also be creative. According to Kouzes Barry (2002) â€Å"management of diversity has gained popularity in the recent years and despite its distinct contexts, it is gaining more attention as a result of demographic development, mobility of national and global workforce, international and globalised business as well as increased competitiveness†. Diversity is not only beneficial to the employees but also to organizations’ managers. Even though associates are perceived as being interdependent in the workplace, respecting workers differences can contribut e to organizational growth (Loysk, 1996). Additionally, diversity within the organization can result into increased marketing opportunities, business image, recruitment, creativity and reduced lawsuits (Cox, 2001). ‘†In the era whereby creativity and flexibility are key contributors to competitiveness, diversity is essential in success of the organization†. However, the consequences of loss of money and time should be put into consideration. According to Cox (2001) â€Å"human resource management activities in theShow MoreRelatedManaging Organizational Diversity : The Most Critical Leadership Issues Facing Organizations Today1925 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION Managing organizational diversity is the most critical leadership issue facing organizations today. According to Daft, â€Å"The growing diversity within organizations brings vitality and many benefits but also brings a variety of challenges, such as maintaining a strong corporate culture while supporting diversity, balancing work and family concerns, and coping with the conflict brought about by varying cultural styles† (Daft, 2013). The United States is becoming more diverse every dayRead MoreLegal and Organizational Requirements on Equality, Diversity, Discrimination, Rights , Confidentiality and Sharing of Information in Relation to Managing and Developing Yourself and Your Workforce1002 Words   |  5 Pages1. 1 Legal and organizational requirements on equality, diversity, discrimination, rights , confidentiality and sharing of information in relation to managing and developing yourself and your workforce Legislation forms a framework which all care homes must adhere to; this is carried out in many guises and includes many parliamentary acts such as human rights act 1998 and the mental health act 1993, these acts are designed to protect and promote rights and responsibilities of people within aRead MoreThe Value Of Ethical Conduct And Managing Diversity Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Issue: The Value of Ethical Conduct and Managing Diversity Review of Subject This essay explores what Organizational Behavior (OB) is and the value of ethical conduct, and discusses the methods of managing diversity taking into consideration socializing and organization culture. OB is a study of the people in organization, about how they work, and how they produce results. Organizational ethical conducts are those morally accepted by the employees, the customers, and the public. It couldRead MoreOrganizational Success Is Increasingly Becoming Dependent On An Organization1627 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Introduction Organizational success is increasingly becoming dependent on an organization’s ability to embrace a diverse workforce (Simmons et al., 2011). There exists more variety in the modern workforce than in previous years (Christian et al., 2006). This is largely due to the demographic factors like immigration and economic factors like globalization (Christian et al., 2006). The increase of globalization requires more interaction among people from different cultures, beliefs and backgroundRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorkforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizationsRead MoreManaging Diversity Through Human Resource Management1056 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican University of Science amp; Technology Assignment 2 Managing diversity through human resource management An international perspective and conceptual framework Prepared By: Samih El Kahtib Instructor: Dr. Hasan Saleh Managing diversity through human resource management An international perspective and conceptual framework Introduction Managing diversity reflects the reality that people differ in many visible amp; invisible ways; such as: * Age * Gender * MaritalRead MoreManaging Workforce Diversity: Principles of Management643 Words   |  3 PagesManaging workforce diversity: Principles of management Workforce diversity can be an organizations greatest strength provided it is managed correctly. Diversity can generate organizational value. Workers of diverse backgrounds can provide input to management about how to cope with the challenges of the global marketplace. A Japanese-American employee can provide advice about to deal with a client from the Far East; a female employee can offer her input about how to market a new product to sparkRead MoreEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplace. Diversity is rapidlyRead MoreEssay on Managing Diversity in the Workplace1207 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy once said If we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools1 Kelli A. Green, Mayra Là ³pez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner2 Introduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are nowRead MoreEffective Diversity Management Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThere are challenges to managing a diverse or variations of work population. Managing diversity is over merely acknowledging variations in individuals. It involves recognizing the worth of differences, promoting inclusiveness and combating or uprooting discrimination. Managers may be challenged with losses in personnel and work productivity because of prejudice and discrimination and complaints and legal actions against the organization (Devoe, 1999). Negative attitudes and behaviors may be barriers

Early Care and Education Programs †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Early Care and Education Programs. Answer: Introduction: Mrs. Betty White is an 85 year old woman and a widow of 5 years. She has been living in a low care aged care facility since her husband died. She has a supportive family and has a sonand a daughter.Her daughter lives locallyandvisits twicea week. Her sonlives interstate with his family.Members of her church also visit her once a week. She takes the help of family members and taxis to get around. Betty is an ex-smoker and gave up smoking 10 years ago.She has a medical history of Hypertension, Hypercholesterolaemia, Asthma/COPD, Osteoarthritis.She was admitted in the hospital as she was suffering from a chest infection.The doctors diagnosed that she was suffering from Left lower lobe pneumonia (Chan, 2015). When she was admitted in the hospital, she developed a fracture in the right neck of femur.Betty was taken to the Emergency Department (ED) with the help of an ambulance. She suffered from high temperature, shortness of breath and congestion in the chest.Her daughter Jane, was informed that her mother was hospitalized.A chest x-ray and blood tests were conducted in the ED and the reports showed that Betty was suffering from pneumonia.She was advised on intravenous (IV) antibiotics, oxygen therapy and Ventolin and Normal Saline nebulisersby the clinicians in the hospital. Betty was transferred to the respiratory or a medical ward on the same day in the afternoon(Lancaster, 2015). The clinical practice issues of concern in Bettys care that her mother was not given any medicaments in the morning by the nursing staff and usual medications were not written up on her medication chart (McFarland, 2014).Jane had a talk with the nurse that her mother seemed to be a bit confused and it was not normal as her mother was normally quite alert and orientated. Another concern during Bettys case was that her daughter was not informed about her condition becoming worse and a fellow patient in Bettys room rang the bell at 2am in order to call the staff and shouted ina loudvoice to seek help. The nurse found out that Betty was laying on the floor next to her bed.Her IV was pulled out and there was blood was all over the floor.She was moaning.It was observed by the nurses that Betty had developed a laceration on her forehead and her right leg and foot was externally rotated.The nurses also found out that Betty had urinated on the floor.When Jane was informed about it she was fur ious that proper care was not given to her mother inspite of informing the nurse that she was in a confused state(Wall Morrison, 2014). Betty was observed by the resident medical officer, who advised an urgent head CT scan and x-ray of her legs.The reports of the CT scan were normal but the x-ray showed that Betty had developed an intracapsular fracture in her right neck of femur.Betty was advised a surgery by the orthopaedic team in the morning and her hip wound edges were not healing as she had developed an infection.This shows that the surgical procedure was not successful as well(gotnes, Jacobsen, Petersen, 2016). The National Health and Safety Standardswere developed by the Commission in order to improve the quality of health care in Australia by the implementation of safety and quality systems.There are 10 NSQHS Standards in order to ensure quality care for patients and satisfaction. These are as follows: Governance for Safety and Quality in Health Service Organisations which involves the provision of quality healthcare services to the patients. Partnering with Consumers which aims to develop several strategies in order to develop a health system that is consumer-centred. It also includes taking a feedback from consumers during the development and design of quality health care. Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections which involves different types strategies in order to prevent infection in patients during the treatment in the healthcare system and.It also involves using proper methods to manage infections in an effective manner when they occur to reduce the drastic health effects(Alkon, Rose, Wolff, Aronson, 2016). Medication Safety which involves the formation of proper systems and s trategies in order to make sure that the clinicians have prescribed and administer to patients. Patient Identification and Procedure Matching which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies for the correct identification of patients.This standard is developed to make sure that the identity of the patient matches with the correct treatment(Huber, 2013). Clinical Handover which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies in order to make sure that the clinical communication is done in an effective manner to provide proper patient care. Blood and Blood Products which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies to make sure that management of blood and blood products received by the patients safe, effective and appropriate(Moorhead, Johnson, Swanson, 2014). Preventing and managing pessure injuries which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies in order to prevent pressure injuries developing in patients and providing proper practice management during the occurrence of pressure injuries . Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration in acute health care which which involves the formation of appropriate systems and processes that should be implemented by health service organisations in order to respond to patients in an effective manner when their health condition gets worsened(Potter, 2014). 10. Preventing Falls and Harm from Falls which which involves the formation of appropriate systems and strategies in order to reduce the occurrence of patients falls in health service organisations and providing proper care. It can be observed from the case study of Betty that there are a few National Health and Safety Standards that have been breached in providing her proper care.These are Standard 1, Governance for Safety and Quality in Health Service Organisations because Betty was not provided quality care in the hospital as the nurse allotted to her did not take proper care during the night in spite of knowing that she was in a confused state. She was also being admitted in a 4 bed ward that was quite far off from the nurses(Steven, Magnusson, Pearson, 2014). Her daughter was also not informed when her health worsened during the night. Another nursing standard that was breached is Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections, because after the surgery was done she developed an infection which shows that proper strategies were not followed by the clinicians during the surgery. Standard 4,that is Medication Safety was also breached because Bretty was not prescribed any medicines by the nurse when she was admitted in the ED and her daughter had to inform the same to the nurse(Rosenthal, 2014). The two standards that could have been maintained by the healthcare staff in the delivery of care to Betty and her family during her hospitalisation are Standard 1 and Standard 4. Standard 1 is Governance for Safety and Quality in Health Service Organisationswhich involves the provision of quality health services by the health service organisations in order to implement safe practices. The clinicians would have transparent towards betty and her daughter Jane and should provided proper information about her disease. The health care services should have been flexible easy in its access. There should have been recruitment of dedicated nurses.(Peabody, 2015) There would have been positive impact in health. There should be proper education of patients which can lead to reduction of the anxiety, stress and pain during their hospital journey. Betty and her daughter should have been given proper information about the disease, its symptoms, treatment plan and preventive measures to avoid any confusion and to tackle the disease. Lack of good communication has lead to misinterpretation and errors in the treatment. Betty should have been properly counseled and provided emotional support to boost her confidence and improve her self-esteem. Betty should have asked queries and doubts about the disease. This would have motivated her in improving her satisfaction. She should have properly evaluated the progress being made and also if there is any symptoms of ill effects. (Jones, 2016). Betty should have been provided with the various strategies for self management by the clinicians .They should work as collaborative team to provide proper communication to her as well to her daughter.This would have helped in enhancing her safety. Betty and her daughter should be provided the clear instructions of the medicines and the measures to be taken .(Festini, 2014).The precautions should have been advised to her such as she must be given a separate toilet at home if possible or should flush the toilet every time they use them. To get rid of the infections the caregivers must be supplied with gloves when they are handling the blood or urine samples.(Ball, Murrells, Rafferty, Griffiths, 2013). Standard 4 that is medication safety was also breached in the case of Bretty. It involves the documentation of correct medicines in the medication chart of the patient in order to prevent serious side effects. Documentation in nursing is a very important in healthcare and it is obtained by electronic means in to information that is recorded about the patient who will be undergoing treatment. The main objective of these systems is that it helps in decision analysis and facilitates treatment.The information is recorded in clinical database and can be used as future reference and evidence(Daly Jackson, 2017). It also includes various other reports like Magnetic Resonance Imaging, electrocardiograms and computerized tomography.Documenting care can be defined as a medical electronic record that will give the basic information of the patient, medices prescribed and treatments. In the case of Bretty, her nurse forgot to write medications in her medication chart and she was not given any me dicines. It would have led to serious medical complications in her if her daughter had not informed the nurse at the right time. There are various advantages of electronic health medical records like the patient records can be accessed more quickly and efficiently. It lowers the healthcare costs by proper coordination of the healthcare services by reduction in redundant and useless tests. It also provides better health care by improving all aspects of patient care like proper communication, being patientcentric and other important aspects of patient care. It enables the doctors to diagnose a disease more efficiently and reduces the chances of medical errors during surgical procedures The patients admitted in the ward in the health care organizations should be provided patient centered care. Nurses should try their best in providing quality care that would help in improving the health and well being of their patients. They should follow the basic ethical principles include Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence Justice, Paternalism. Autonomy reverts to the fact that the nurses should respect the choice and the decisions of their patients as they are also human beings and have the right to freedom of choice. Non-maleficence means that the nurses should do not harm their patients during the treatment procedure. They should be active and alert at all times and should have a sense of responsibility. Beneficience means that the nurses should try their best in providing quality care that would help in improving the health and well being of their patients (Staunton and Chiarella 2016).Justice means that the nurses should not be impartial to all their patients and there s hould be no discrimination on the basis of caste and religion. Fidelity means that the nurses should be loyal, faithful and treat their patients with dignity and respect. They should try their best to perform their duties and be responsible towards their patients. The health professionals providing patient care should be responsible towards their patients as well towards their family members. The clinicians should be supportive and should provide guidelines on the various precautions to be taken. They should also make sure they solve their problems and issues. They should provide appropriate health care services by using proper communication skills and ensure patient satisfaction. They should provide proper counseling and psychosocial care to get rid of emotional health like pain, anxiety; distress and low self esteem occurred due to the health issues.(Lewis, 2013). Patient safety can be ensured by identifying patients correctly by mentioning their name and date of birth, improved staff communication, safe use of medicines by administering them carefully in the patients.This will help in preventing various kinds of infections caused by different pathogens such as bacteria and viruses in the patients especially those who have undergone surgery(Lord Tiedemann, 2013) Several protective measures should taken by the health organizations to avoid various kinds of infection, injuries or accidents. It leads to serious complications, slow recovery, increased length of hospitalization and also unnecessary deaths of patients.It is a top priority in many hospitals but some hospitals are not able to avoid errors during their treatment. Hospitals should recruit safe and a competent nurse and the one who follows all the regulations, standards and the professional values during the service.The nurses should follow all the legal and ethical principles of nursing.There should be safe use of alarms to prevent mistakes in various surgical processes and identify safety risks in patients.They should take consent from the patient and his family members before starting the treatment procedure. Nurses should follow proper nursing interventions to patients according to the policies formed for the practice. References Agotnes, Jacobsen, Petersen, H. . (2016). A Critical Review of Research on Hospitalization from Nursing Homes; What is Missing?. Ageing. Alkon, Rose, Wolff, Aronson, K. . (2016). Health and Safety Checklist for Early Care and Education Programs to Assess Key National Health and Safety Standards. Maternal and child health journa , 20(1), 114-127. Ball, Murrells, Rafferty, Griffiths, M. (2013). Care left undoneduring nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care. Quality nd Safety in Health Care, bmjqs . Chan. (2015). Viral pneumonia: diagnosis and management.In Congress of Asian Pacific Society of Respirology. . Asian Pacific Society of Respirology . Daly, Jackson, (2017). Contexts of nursing: An introduction. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Festini. (2014). Family-centered care. Italian journal of pediatrics, , 40(1), A33. Huber. (2013). Leadership and nursing care management. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Jones.(2016). The nursing practice environment, staff retention, and quality of care. Research in nursing health, , 19(4), 331-343. Lancaster.(2015). Public Health Nursing-E-Book: Population-Centered Health Care in the Community. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lewis. (2013). Lewis's Medical-surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. . Elsevier Australia. Lord, Tiedemann,(2013). A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention. Physical therapy , 83(3), 237-252. McFarland. (2014). Transcultural nursing concepts, theories, research and practice. Moorhead, Johnson, Swanson (2014). Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)-E-Book: Measurement of Health Outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences. Peabody. (2015). The care of the patient. Jama , 313(18), 1868-1868.. Potter. (2014). Fundamentals of nursing (Vol. 1). Mosby Incorporated. Rosenthal. (2014). Pharmacology for Nursing Care-E-Book. . Elsevier Health Sciences . Steven, Magnusson, Pearson,(2014). Patient safety in nursing education: contexts, tensions and feeling safe to learn. . Nurse education today, , 34(2), 277-284. Wall, Morrison,(2014). Bridging the theory practice gap through clinical simulations in a nursing under-graduate degree program in Australia. International Journal of Learning, . Teaching and Educational Research, , 8(1).

Strategic Planning For Wounded Warrior Project

Executive Summary Wounded Warrior Project (WWP) was started in 2002 by John Melia who was wounded in Somalia in 1992. The members of his family and other veterans, Al Giordano and Steven Nardizzi, supported Melia’s efforts to establish WWP. Until 2005, WWP operated as a division of another nonprofit organization the United Spinal Association of New York.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategic Planning For Wounded Warrior Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2005, the WWP separated from the associated organization and moved its headquarters to Jacksonville, Florida. Thus, by 2010, the nonprofit organization started by several activists has rapidly grown into an influential project employing 118 workers and raising millions of dollars to support veterans. Over the years, WWP has shown impressive progress culminating in her appearing among the very top performing organizations in the nonprofit ca tegory. However, with the rising number of volunteer soldiers to war and, the economic crisis experienced in the recent years, there is a need for WWP to reexamine their position with a view to fit into the new realities. It is important that she continues to serve the interest of wounded soldiers while coping with the high numbers which are expected and still remain steadfast in its mandate. To achieve this goal, a medium term strategic plan for WWP, is deemed inevitable. The purpose of this strategic plan is to define the goals for WWP with respect to the results it envisages within the stated period of 5 years. The basis of the plan is a report collected from performances over a time period. This will be followed with an analysis of the external and internal environment through a SWOC analysis and a stakeholder analysis respectively. With these results as a basis, the strategic plan aims to lay out the strategies for successful implementation and action plans to close the gap fro m the current position to the desired position within this period. To be successful, the process intends to have a ‘buy in’ strategy that allows for vivid participation of all stakeholders concerned. The Board and Top management will have stated their support by signing on the sheet provided.Advertising Looking for proposal on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goals and the plans to achieve them must remain realistic and as such, must involve the immediate implementers in the team. It shall incorporate workable performance monitoring and evaluation component as well as a provision for any arising changes hence the need for flexibility. Background information Wounded Warrior Project (WWP) was started in 2002 by John Melia who had been wounded in Somalia in 1992. Melia’s initiative was supported by the members of his family and other veterans Al Giordano and Steven Nardizzi. Until 200 5, WWP operated as a division of another nonprofit organization the United Spinal Association of New York. In 2005, the WWP separated from the associated organization and moved its headquarters to Jacksonville, Florida. Thus, by 2010, the nonprofit organization started by several activists has rapidly grown into an influential project employing 118 workers and raising millions of dollars to support veterans (Wounded Warrior Project, n. d.). Mission The mission adopted by WWP is to provide support to the veterans of the US military forces by honoring and empowering them. The phrase concerning the greatest casualty that is being forgotten used as an epigraph on the website of this nonprofit organization implies the inability of the society to provide the necessary and deserved social and financial support to the veterans. The vision The vision of the organization is formulated as an ambition to foster the generation of wounded veterans which would be best adjusted to the realities of modern society and the most successful one in the history of the nation. The purposes of this nonprofit organization include the improvement of the social awareness on the special needs of the injured service members and motivate the community to provide the necessary aid to the wounded warriors. Additionally, WWP is aimed at providing the injured veterans with opportunities to assist each other. These goals are achieved through the implementation of the unique programs complying with the needs of injured warriors. Aims To improve the social awareness of the special needs of the injured service members and motivate the community to provide the necessary aid to the wounded warriors and their families.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategic Planning For Wounded Warrior Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Core Values The core values of WWP are defined as FILIS: Fun Integrity Loyalty Innovation Service The core values formulated in the form of FILIS are coupled with the culture of teamwork in WWP that is beneficial for enhancing the performance of the staff and even motivating each of the employees to give extra effort to make their organization succeed (Wounded Warrior Project, n. d.). Programmatic activities The programs of WWP are structured in a unique way to nurture the mind and body of the wounded veterans and foster their economic empowerment and social engagement. Thus, all the programs activities are divided into four main subgroups, including mind, body, economic empowerment and, social engagement. The participation in all of these programs is free. However, the verification of military service experience and service-connected wounds, injuries or illnesses is obligatory for participating in these programs (Wounded Warrior Project, n.d). For example, the wounded warriors eligible for the participation in WWP projects can be enrolled into Combat Stress Recovery Program, Tr ansition Training Academy, Physical Health and Wellness, Soldier Ride and other programs (Wounded Warrior Project, n.d). The reported outcomes of the programmatic activities of WWP are striking. Thus, 325 families took advantages of Physical Wealth and Wellness Program, 945 warriors enrolled into Warriors to Work Program and were assisted in finding a job. Furthermore, 5929 phone and e-mail cases were resolved through the support center. Departments The executive staff of WWP includes 14 members. The organizational structure of WWP consists of 9 main departments, including the development, financial, special projects, direct response, mental health and warrior engagement, physical health and wellness, communications, government affairs, and economic empowerment departments.Advertising Looking for proposal on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the ones responsible for the implementation process, these leaders will be an integral part of the team. They bring their practical knowledge which is invaluable creating action plans. Planning for the Plan The changing environment, both fiscal and in number of beneficiaries legible for this program leaves no doubt that WWP needs to lay firm strategies to help her maintain relevance and, remain true to its mandate. By prove of the executive boards consent and pledge of cooperation, the agency has expressed desire to conduct this exercise. The next stage will involve selection of committee members, and we shall be guided by their decision making power and importance in the implementation exercise. The plan shall encompass whole organization, and as a medium term 5year strategic plan. The module to be adopted for this project shall be vision based where we align functions relative to a shared vision. Given the success enjoyed by WWP thus far, the concurrent approach to implementati on suffices. By maintaining most of what already works, WWP should use the good working relationship of employees to draw up the plan ((Bryson, 2004a). The committees mandate shall be to draw up a schedule for the strategic plan development. This schedule will show who will be involved, when and how and putting to consideration their authority, role, knowledge. It will ensure stakeholder as well as a champion of the process. The committee shall also set forth the materials needed as well as terms and titles to be used (Clolery, 2011). The schedule spells out when and how the planners will be trained to ensure better understanding of process. The membership and participation will be arranged in such a way as to have ‘buy in’ by direct involvement of key implementers and stakeholders. To ensure implementation we will develop smart goals, action plans, and institute monitoring and evaluation measures while leaving a provision for enactment of new changes to the plan as may be deemed necessary (Poister, 2003). Stakeholder Analysis The stakeholder audit for the Wounded Warrior Project requires mapping the universe of various stakeholders, defining who they are, how they can affect the organization and performance of this nonprofit agency and how they relate to the agency. Applying the power vs. interest grid to the analysis of the stakeholder universe and the roles performed, depending upon the extent of their power and interest, the main groups can be divided into four main categories, including subjects with high interest but low power, players with high power and high interest, context setters with high power but low interest and crowd characterized with low power and low interest. WWP must strive to consult, listen to and empower all these stakeholders (Bryson, 2004b). The first category has wounded veterans and their families, the employees of the agency and the private contractors providing certain services to the agency which are characterized w ith high interest in the effective performance of the organization and fulfillment of its mission. The second subgroup of players would include the senior management of the organization. The category of the context setters encompasses all individuals, firms and corporations making donations, government bodies, and policymakers responsible for the regulation of the nonprofit sector. Finally, the fourth group of the crowd would include the general public which has low interest and low power but still is affected by the performance of the agency that is aimed at creating public value. The Revelation from SWOC Analysis Conducting a SWOC analysis for WWP, helps identify internal strengths and weaknesses it possesses and external opportunities and challenges it faces as it embarks on a strategic planning process. This sets the primary data or skeleton upon which the strategic plan is developed. Strengths This looks at WWP agency does well. Includes the unique assets or resources it can dr aw from to take advantages of external opportunities or overcome challenges and describes its unique competencies. The WWP successfully empowers veterans who received service-connected wounds during or later September 11, 2001. Its distinctive competencies include psychological and social support of wounded warriors and their families through engaging them into specialized programs and employing them. WWP could benefit from current legislation supporting the rights of veterans, including those warriors who have service-connected disability, such as the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA), title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011). Weaknesses Weaknesses demonstrate where WWP has fewer assets or resources than others and would be target for areas of improvement. One of the weaknesses of WWP is its policy declining government funding. As a non-profit donation based organization, WWP does no t accept government money not to compromise its independence from government’s money (Wounded Warrior Project, 2010). As a result, when $ 3.2 million was allocated to WWP in 2011, the non-profit organization declined these funds (Dixon, 2011). This decision was compliant with one of the principles adopted by this organization but was not in the best interests of the community of wounded veterans to whom the organization serves. Opportunities This looks at changes taking place in the external environment that the organization could take advantage of. It includes an assessment of political, economic, social, technological, demographic, or legal trends might present opportunities for WWP. The WWP might take advantage of the growing concerns of the population over the destinies of the wounded warriors. As to the changes taking place in the technological domain, the organization might use the innovative methods of e-marketing for popularizing its programs and attracting new donati ons, volunteers and wounded veterans. In addition, the organization can use social networks to attract attention of wider audiences. This might reduce the advertising costs and increase the effectiveness of the strategies at the same time. Challenges This looks at the changes taking place in the external environment that the agency should guard against, or prepare for, to avoid disruption of their activities. The may be political, economic, social, technological, demographic, or legal trends that might present obstacles to WWP achieving her mission. The organization should be prepared for the growing number of veterans because more volunteers want to join the Army after the events of September 11, 2001 (Wounded Warrior Project, n.d.; Holder, 2007). Furthermore, the global economic crisis can have a negative impact upon the willingness of individuals and organizations to make donations. The firms are frequently forced to cut their staff. This also may have a negative impact upon the employment options for the wounded veterans. The Strategic Issues The stakeholder analysis gives a clear indication of the relative importance of these organizations in influencing the outcome of any plans WWP, would want to take. As a result, the first and second category of stakeholders will be considered from the beginning as mentioned above. The SWOC analysis has revealed the areas of opportunity that if given enough consideration will result in the organization being able to achieve its original mandate and adopt effectively to tackle the arising challenges. Goal 1: Improve decision making and effectiveness of the WWP financing program Strategy 1: Funding is a major issue facing WWP and given the foreseeable elements listed above, this issue needs to be addressed amicably. The first step is to engage stakeholders on revising the policy on non acceptance of government funds. This may be followed by an enactment of strict accounting procedures to restore stakeholder confidence in government fund utilization. In the same vein, both internal, and external auditors will be engaged to facilitate the process. Books of account would be reviewed semi-annually and reports published in reputable journal. Strategy 2: By employing qualified staff and empowering them as WWP has done before, staff which is one of the most valuable assets of this organization would be able to develop effective strategies for facing the challenges in the external environment. Goal 2: Support for more veteran soldiers and their families Strategy 1:Â  The organization strengths intersect with the opportunities in the external environment in the new opportunities for advertising the programs for the wounded warriors and raising the community awareness on the activities of this nonprofit organization. By discussing the noble goals of this organization on various websites and social networks, WWP would b able to attract new donations. Strategy 2:Â  The agency will have a continuous surveilla nce mechanism which gives monthly reports on the traffic to the sites and releasing trends for quarterly reviews for prompt improvement. Goal 3: Implementation of the organizations core values Strategy 1:Â  The flexibility of WWP management and the core values adopted by this organization can be used for converting the challenges into opportunities. Taking into account the fact that WWP is recognized as one of the best employers in nonprofit sector, it can be stated that it can attract talented employees. Strategy 2:Â  The organization needs to employ an international benchmark for analysis and reporting its performance. This is a tool that will effectively demonstrate the organizations commitment to the veterans it serves and market WWP as an organization worth the support. Use of Balanced score card as a tool for monitoring the success of the implementation strategies will be effected. This method suggests indicators of performance in all sectors and notes the degree of achievem ent for review and hence prompt action. Goal 4: Increasing the number of corporate sponsors and the amount of donations Strategy 1:Â  The WWP will strive to improve their visibility through media outlets. The new social media on the Internet is a plat form that if well targeted shall improve awareness and improve people’s participation. So far the success of the agency’s program has showed a great need among organizations to encourage sponsorship. At the same time, by attracting advertisements from organizations to attract funds will be most appropriate. Strategy 2:Â  The programs of WWP are structured in a unique way to nurture the mind and body of the wounded veterans and foster their economic empowerment and social engagement. The most experience will be used by this organization to ensure that all the participants not only enjoy the program, but also proactively help open more activities to cater for all their needs. Goal 5:Â  Improve the participation of famili es participating in the programs by at least 30% over the next five years Strategy 1:Â  Improve support for the Physical Wealth and Wellness Program from the current, 325 by 30%, through improved. At the same time, increase number of families taking part in the Warriors to Work program families from the current 945 warriors enrolled into Program and while improving the number of those assisted to find jobs by the same margin over the period. Strategy 2:Â  Increase the service staff effectiveness in handling of phone and email cases by enhancing the capacity of the support center to handle the increased demand. The plan shall include an operation plan, a monitoring and evaluation schedule and a statement explaining the process of effecting any change arising from the implementation process. The action plan shall define all the roles and responsibilities over the mentioned period including a time frame for implementation of each of the strategies. Alternative Visions for the Future Given the magnitude help WWP offers to her war veteran clients, it demands a long term vision to ensure sustainability as well as satisfactory implementation of the programs they set to achieve. First, WWP should look at establishing an endowment and revolving funds that may be lent to her members to do business and refund at very low interest. Second, WWP need to set up collaboration with organizations that may create an academy for handling of the needs of the veterans and their families. Last, WWP should engage the international community in drawing policies that will minimize war options as this will decrease the number of those affected and ensure high treatment to the few who must go through war. Conclusion Given the enormous task that the implementation of the strategic plan entails, a team leader for the program will be identified. He shall help with advice on continuous implementation while his or her office shall provide the needed support throughout the process. With this five year strategic plan, WWP has a goal and a way to achieve those goals. With the proper implementation, the agency can be sure to build on their good reputation to cater best for their clientele and their stakeholder interests. This is the first step in ensuring proper stakeholder involvement that also gives a clear framework for corporation including mechanisms for conflict resolution. References Bryson, J. (2004a). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A Guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bryson, J. (2004b). What to do when stakeholders matter: Stakeholder identification and analysis techniques. Public Management Review, 6(1), 21-53. Clolery, P. (2011). 50 best nonprofits to work for in 2011. The NonProfit Times, 17–23. Web. Dixon, M. (2011). Wounded Warrior Project turns down $ 3.2 million from Florida. The Florida Times Union. Web. Holder, K. (2007). Comparison of ACS and ASEC da ta on veteran status and period of military service: 2007. Web. Poister, T. (2003). Measuring performance in public and nonprofit organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2011). Veterans with service- connected disabilities in the workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Web. Wounded Warrior Project. (n.d.). Who we serve. Web. This proposal on Strategic Planning For Wounded Warrior Project was written and submitted by user Colten Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Leni Riefenstahl Hsc Question Response Essay Example

Leni Riefenstahl Hsc Question Response Essay Example Leni Riefenstahl Hsc Question Response Essay Leni Riefenstahl Hsc Question Response Essay Describe the life of the personality you have studied. (10 Marks) From the very beginning, Leni Riefenstahl was a strong willed, determined and dedicated person. Her life was very complicated and interesting and can be described through many key events. These key events include her childhood, de-nazification and her various careers as a dancer, actress, film director/maker and photographer. Leni Riefenstahl was born in Berlin, 1902, in a strict family. She became very close with her mother Bertha, but her relationship with her father Alfred, was often strained. Throughout her teen years, Leni became a great skater, gymnast and swimmer due to her artistic talent. Following her childhood, Leni Riefenstahl became a brilliant dancer in the 1920s, during the time of the Weimar Republic. There was a free attmosphere at this time where many oppurtinities were available. Leni used this time wisely and took advantage of the careers she was intereted in. Also, her great, physical body (cult of the body) promoted her dancing career. She was an expressionistic dancer who was open to experimentation and improvisation. However, due to a knee injury during her career, she was unable to continue and left dancing for good. On her way to the doctors after her knee injury, Riefenstahl happened to see a poster of the film Mountain of Destiny, directed by Arnold Fanck. She was immediately interested and went to watch the film instead of repairing her knee. Her enthusiasm and strength of will led her to becoming an actress after seeing some of Fancks films. She began her career as an actress during the late 1920s/early 1930s. Her dedication and determination led her to achieving her goal and she starred in her first film The Holy Mountain. During these times Berg Films (Mountain Films) were very common and popular and thus, many of the films Leni starred in were Berg Films. As her acting career progressed, the director Fanck, became very ill and sick. He was unable to work anymore and due to Lenis strong will and disciplined mind, Fanck allowed her to continue directing. She completed irecting The Holy Mountain whilst starring in the film at the same time and soon, she began directing her own films. The Blue Light was the first film that Leni fully directed and was quite successful as it won many awards. Also, Lenis zeal and determination in the film attracted Hitlers attention. Hitler then asked her to film many of his speeches and rally films. She accepted and directed Victory of Faith, which was seen as a success to the Nazis. Hitler then asked her to film Triumph of the Will. She bowed to the innevitable and directed the film. Leni was the only female film director in the film industry as all other directors were men, making the men very jealous of her. Also, she had an advantage in film directing due to the forced migration of the Jews out of Germany by Hitler (most of the film directors were Jews). As well as a film director, Leni Riefenstahl also became a film editor, financer, writer, producer and film maker. She was known as a Film Auteur (all-round film maker) and the first woman in Germany to become one. An example is a documentary on the Berlin Olympics titled Olympia. It won many of awards due to Lenis supreme talent . During World War II, Leni was working on a Berg film titled Tiefland. However, when the war had ended, she was arrested by the Allies and production of the film stopped. She was accused of being a Nazi due to the close relationship with Hitler and the Nazis, so she was put on a de-nazification program where many tribunals were held to see if she was a Nazi. After many months, Leni was considered de-nazified, however, she found that she could not continue in film directing. Prior to her de-nazification, Leni undertook photography and recorded images of the Nuba people in Sudan. She then proceeded in underwater photography in her early 70s and continued into her 90s. Leni Riefenstahl died at the age of 101 in 2003 and was seen to many people, particularly women, as a feminist pioneer. In conclusion, the key events of Leni Riefenstahls life, such as her childhood, de-nazification and her various careers as a dancer, actress, film director/maker and photographer, as well as her stong will and determination, can be used to describe her life.

Radiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Radiography - Essay Example At the same time, missing a menstrual period could trigger an indication that a woman is pregnant. Meanwhile, conception can take place anywhere after the 10th day of pregnancy (Russell JR, et al. 1997), making x-ray and radiography procedure likely to coincide with early conception if taken before the next onset of menstruation, when a missed period could signify pregnancy. Radiation protection remain very important in pregnancy, knowing that when substantial doses of ~10 rem are taken on pregnant women, this can cause birth defects and malformations (Health Physics Society, 2014). The 10 days rule therefore comes in as an important methodology or technique that is used to guarantee the safety of early foetuses against any potential damages. Examinations pertaining to the pelvic and abdominal areas therefore have the 10 days rule applying to but in cases of ankle and hand examinations, the 10 days rule may be exempted given to the fact that there is relatively fewer risk in this are a. In a very modernised system, radiographers have taken to the use of interventional radiological examinations that come with therapeutic applications instead of mainstream operations (Queen Mary Hospital, 2007). The 28 days rule in radiography is another form of protective regulation used in radiography procedures to guarantee the safety of potentially pregnant women from undue exposure. This is a rule that can be said to have come to replace the 10 days rule in radiography as the 10 days rules seemed to have some levels of inconsistencies with the identification of pregnancies (Royal College of Radiologists, 2012). With the 28 days rule, the emphasis is on a menstrual period that is overdue. This means that there is no grace period allowed in this instance. But ahead of the application of the 28 days rule, the radiographer will ask the woman if she has any

Micro project 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro project 5 - Essay Example Example of the good that has positive externnility is the education service. The benefit it has provided to the users has more social benefits than the private benefits. Private benefits in this case will be the advantages that an individual user gets whereas public benefit is what the society gain due to increasing rate of literacy and overall growth. Example of de-merit goods, which posses negative externality can be alcohol or cigarettes. These kinds of products reduce the ‘social marginal benefit of consumption’ and government usually taxed those products (Tutor 2 U, n.d.). 2. A. If Bart can charge only one price then he should charge $7 as only this way he can sale the maximum meal and can earn maximum revenue. Charging more than it would lead to loosing of one meal. The combination of charges and revenues can be presented with the help of one table. It has been mentioned that marginal cost of providing a meal is constant at $5. Therefore, producer’s surplus will be $2 ($7 - $5). Consumer surplus will be different for all the customers. Consumer surplus for Bob, Sue and Katie will be $0, $1 and $8 respectively. 2. B. Price discrimination is not possible in such case. For price discrimination, it is necessary to know the type of customer and also the amount of money. Only then, the shopkeeper can charge different price to the different customer. In that case, Bart will charge $7 from the group or from all of them. It is because, Bart knows that one of them has $7 and if he will charge more than that then he would loose one meal. Charging $7, he is able to earn revenue of $21 and that is the maximum revenue he can earn. 2. C. Being perfectly price discriminate, Bart should charge three different prices from three of them. For Bob, price should be $7 as it is the highest amount he can pay. Thus, Bart can gain $2 and he would

Control Over Prices Essay Example for Free

Control Over Prices Essay The degree of control over prices which the companies may exercise varies widely with the competitive situation in which they operate. Sellers operating under conditions of pure competition do not have any control over the prices they receive. A monopolist, on the other hand, may fix prices according to his discretion. Sellers operating under imperfect competition may have some pricing discretion. The marketer, therefore, needs to know the degree of pricing discretion enjoyed by him. Wal-Mart is selling varieties of items and one of these is Toys. It has got a good percentage of customers in the market but other competitors have also have their own share and Toys R Us is quite close to it. Both the companies have their own approach of pricing the toys in the market. The approach is whether WalMart should use the loss leader pricing policy to stay comfortable in the market. Perfect competition is said to exist when (i) there are a large number of buyers and sellers, (ii) each purchasing and selling such a small quantity that their withdrawal from the market will not affect the total demand and supply, (iii) the products sold by sellers are homogeneous in nature. Prices under perfect competition are determined by the forces of supply and demand. Prices will be fixed at a point where supply and demand are at equilibrium. In pure competition, all that the individual seller can do is to accept the price prevailing in the market, i.e. the company is in the position of a Price Taker. If it wants to charge a higher price, buyers will purchase from other sellers. And it need not charge less since it can sell its supply at the going market price. Under monopoly, a single producer has complete control of the entire supply of a certain product.   The main features of monopoly are (i) there is only one seller of a particular good or service and (ii) rivalry from the producers of substitutes is so remote that it is almost insignificant. As a result, the monopolist is in a position to set the price himself. Thus, it is in the position of a Price Setter. Even in the case of monopoly, there are limits to the extent to which it can increase its prices. Much depends on the elasticity of demand for the product. This, in turn, depends on the extent of availability of substitutes for the product. In most cases, there is rather an infinite series of closely competing substitutes. Bigger organizations must take into account potential competition by alternative services. The closer the substitute and greater the elasticity of the demand for a monopolist’s product, the less it can raise its price without frightening away its customers. Monopolies are constantly tending the break down due to many reasons: (i)shifts in consumer demand, (ii) continuous process of innovations and technological developments leading to development of substitutes, (iii) lack of stimulus to efficiency provided by competition, (iv)entry of new competitors.   Loss leader pricing policy of Wal-Mart It is a type of strategy applied by the company where the item is sold below the cost price in an effort to balance other profit sales. It is just another way of promoting sales of the products which are slow moving or to counterbalance some other competitive firm. It is the market situation characterized by a few sellers each having an appreciable share in the total output of the commodity. In each of these industries, each seller knows his competitors individually in each market. Each company realizes that any change in his price and advertising policy may lead rivals to change their policies. Hence, Wal-Mart may consider the possible reactions of the other firms to its own policies. The smaller the number of firms, the more interdependent are their policies. In such cases, there is a strong tendency towards close collaboration in policy determination both in regard to production and prices. Such type of   industries are usually characterized by what is known as price leadership—a situation where firms fix their prices in a manner dependent upon the price charged by one of the firms in the industry,i.e.,Toys R Us, called the price leader. The price leader has lower costs and adequate financial resources, a substantial share of the market and a reputation for sound pricing decisions. Price leaders with the strongest position in the market may often increase their prices with the hope that competitors will follow suit. Price followers may also delay raising their prices in the hope of snatching a part of the market share away from the leader. Monopolistic competition is a market situation, in which there are many sellers of a particular product, but the product of each seller is in some way differentiated in the minds of consumers from the product of every other seller. None of the sellers is in a position to control a major part of the total supply of the commodity but every seller so differentiates his portion of the supply from the portions sold by others, that buyers hesitate to shift their purchases from his product to that of another in response to price differences. At times, one manufacturer may differentiate his own products. Wal-Mart sells toys of many brands. This differentiation of product by each manufacturer by giving it a brand name gives him some amount of monopoly if he is able to create goodwill for his product and he may be able to charge higher prices thereof to some extent. Still, his product will have to compete with similar products of other manufacturers which puts a limit on his pricing discretion. If he charges too high a price, consumers may shift their loyalty to other competing suppliers. One can find it out by going to the market, as a large number of toys are subject to a large degree of product differentiation as a means of attracting customer. As long as a consumer has an impression that a particular product brand is different and superior to others, he will be willing to pay more for that brand than for any other brand of the same commodity. The differences real or illusory may be built up in his mind by (a)   advertising, and (b) his own experience and observation. The producer gains and retains his customers by (a) competitive advertising and sales promotion, (b) the use of brand names quite as much as by (c) price competition. Product differentiation is more typical of the present day economic system, than either pure competition or monopoly. And, in most cases, a firm has to face monopolistic competition. It tries to maintain its position and promotes its sales by either (i) changing its price and indulging in price competition, or (ii) intensifying the differentiation of its product, and (iii) increasing its advertisement and sales promotion efforts. Instead of the cost, the emphasis here is on the market. The firm adjusts it own price policy to the general pricing structure in the industry. Where costs are particularly difficult to measure, this may seem to be the logical first step in a rational pricing policy. Many cases of this type are situations of price leadership. Where price leadership is well established, charging according to what competitors are charging may be the only safe policy. Normal pricing is not quite the same as accepting a price impersonally set by a near perfect market. Rather it would seem that the firm has some power to set its own price and could be a price maker if it chooses to face all the consequences. It prefers, however, to take the safe course and conform to the policy of others. Prices of certain goods become more or less fixed, not by deliberate action on the sellers’ part but as a result of their having prevailed for a considerable period of time. For such goods, changes in costs are usually reflected in changes in quality or quantity. Only when the costs change significantly the customary prices of these goods are changed. Customary prices may be maintained even when products are changed. For example, the new model of toy may be priced at the same level as the discontinued model. This is usually so even in the face of lower costs. A lower price may cause an adverse reaction on the competitors leading to a price war so also on the consumers who may think that the quality of the new model is inferior. Perhaps, going along with the old price is the easiest thing to do. Whatever be the reasons, the maintenance of existing prices as long as possible is a factor in the pricing of many products. If a change in prices is intended, Wal-Mart must study the pricing policies and practices of competing firms and the behavior and emotional make-up of his opposite number in those firms. References Philip Kotler (2002) Marketing Management, Prentice-Hall, New York Beaumont, P.B.,(1999) Pricing Policies and Procedures, Sage Publications, London, . Flippo Edwin B., (1989) Marketing Management, McGraw-Hill, New York Purecell J.,Boxall P.,(2003) Marketing Development, Plagrave, Macmillan, New York.

Argument for Increasing American Immigration Essay -- Argumentative Ess

Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. This inscription, which is found on the Statue of Liberty, greeted years of immigrants who passed through Ellis Island to America. It describes the idealized view of the United States as a nation of immigrants, where anyone can achieve the American dream. However, does this accurately describe our immigration policy today? Our current policy is better described by this version, written by Chris Willey (Willey et al.): Give me your athletes, your scientists, Your artists, writers, and actors, Your politicians and businessmen. Send these, the best and brightest, to me. To these lies open the golden door: You can keep the rest. Under current U.S. immigration laws, it is not difficult for those immigrants labeled as desirable to receive admittance. The Immigration Act of 1990 created new categories of immigrants. "Within the employment category, first preference was given to aliens ‘with extraordinary ability, outstanding professors and researchers, multinational executives'..." (Richmond 143). It may be true that these creative and skilled people have just as much of a right to pursue the American dream as anyone else. But do we, as Americans, have the moral right to exclude the needy from our country? Refugees have two basic choices. They can return to their home country, or they can try to settle in another country. Most refugees, however, cannot return home because conditions in their native country have not changed sufficiently to eliminate the problems from whi... ...ess, Boulder, CO, 1996. The Holy Bible. New Revised Standard Version. Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, 1989. Hunter, Gordon, ed. Immigrant Voices. Signet Classic, New York, NY, 1999. North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance. Environmental Facts. http://ntbox.owr.ehnr.state.nc.us/earthday/facts.htm. Rachels, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999. Richmond, Anthony. Global Apartheid. Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1994. Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1993. Social Contract Press. The Social Contract Archives. http://www.thesocialcontract.com Willey, Chris; Saunier, David; and Mendez, Garry. Reinscribing the Statue of Liberty. Horizon Magazine, Jan 1998. http://www.horizonmag.com/pictorial/liberty.htm

Ethical Values in Business Essay

The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Business has created wealth that has given an unprecedented number of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded a person’s horizon infinitely, broken down all perceivable barriers. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. This paper  takes a peek into the enterprises that have proved that there is room for ethics and values in business. See how ethical corporates already are and how their ethics facilitate them to be leaders in their industry. SCOPE OF THIS PAPER: Understanding ethics and the concept of Business Ethics Impact of ethics in the ï‚ § Manufacturing Sector ï‚ § Education Sector ï‚ § IT/ITES & BPO Sector ï‚ § Food Industry ï‚ § Media and Advertising Cases and Examples INTRODUCTION The corporate world – an integral part of our lives, the soul of a country’s economic growth, a world filled with hustle – bustle 24*7, a world that generates employment for every second person you meet†¦ But, sadly, it is also the domicile of power games and foul play and this is the reason why a look at ‘ETHICS AND VALUES IN BUSNIESS’ is critical and relevant. Of the Institutions that have contributed to the quality of human life, business ranks with science, art, and education. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individuals’ financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuriesold barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. â€Å"Business ethics,† the old joke goes, â€Å"Isn’t that a contradiction in terms?† The credibility of the term ‘Business Ethics’ has come into question, in recent times as ‘business ethics’ is increasingly being considered an oxymoron. It is generally believed that business and ethics cannot coexist and organizations are said to thrive on unethical practices. Business ethics, as far from being a contradiction in terms, has become one of the most important areas of managerial competence and responsibility. The ethics question warrants  exploration on several levels: 1. At the macro- level: focusing on the ethical rightness of the system. 2. At the corporate-level: focusing the decisions that impact others. 3. At the individual-level: within an entity. The major issues in business ethics can be classified into four areas: The relationship between business and consumers The relationship between employers and employees The nature and value of special forms of business organization—most notably, that of the corporation The nature and value of financial markets The issue of the proper scope of government regulation cuts across these four categories. Miscellaneous issues such as waste disposal (â€Å"the environment†) and investing in morally dubious foreign nations (such as Communist China or Iraq) are often debated in the business ethics literature, but are primarily issues of political theory and so do not fit into the above business ethics categories. Changing Corporate Landscape Increasing number of Corporate Scandals Concern towards the wealth creation process ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § It’s Mr.Clean vs. Ms Controversial (12/7/2007) BJP smells a scam in wheat import contracts (12/7/2007) Sweet & Sour: Light on calories, light on value? (23/6/2007) Fresh battle: China plays down food-safety troubles (14/6/2007) BP CEO quits over scandal (02/05/2007) Siemens CEO, dogged by bribery affair, quits (26/4/2007) Nasdaq founder Macklin dead (02/02/2007) Siemens chief quits as co faces bribery, corruption charges (21/4/2007) CFOs find it ‘ suffocating’ these days (29/1/2007) Ex-Cendant chairman gets over 12 years in jail (19/01/2007) ~Source: Economic Times, Mumbai ïÆ'Ëœ According to a specials report in Times of India; It is disgraceful that the poverty ratio is 28% (according to a recent government estimate) after half a century of independence. Why so? It is because, despite spending enormous sums, the government has failed dismally to provide every village with the basics of growth. BUSINESS ETHICS The concept of Business Ethics has come to mean various things to various people, but generally it’s coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace and doing what’s right -this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders. Caveat emptor: This ancient Latin proverb let the buyer beware, tells us that business ethics has been a societal concern going back a long ways indeed. Ethics is not an exact science. People define Ethics in accordance with their own set of values which differ depending on time, place and culture. Webster’s defines Ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad or right and wrong or with moral duty and obligation.† The word derives from the Greek word meaning â€Å"moral,† a Latin word with roots in â€Å"mores† or â€Å"customs†Ã¢â‚¬â€in other words the values held by society. Business Ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions ~ Ethicism, is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws. The simplest definition of ethics and moral values would be to not distinguish between the two and say that they describe what is right and what is wrong in human behavior and what ought to be. Business ethics are the desired norms of behavior exclusively dealing with commercial transactions. Moral values are deep seated ideas and feelings that manifest themselves as behavior or conduct. If we know the consequences of our actions we can convert values into rules of behavior that can then be described as ethics, i.e, Values + Knowledge = Ethics In the business world, ethics often are displaced by greed when there is a periodic frenzy of rising stock market prices. Inevitably, a steep downturn then inflicts losses on investors and on businesses with a concomitant reduction in the  work force. An excessive competitive spirit tends to induce unethical business practices so the business world becomes a battlefield where the normal rules are flouted, skirted or simply disregarded. The en suing instability is bad for the economy and for the government. TWO BROAD AREAS OF BUSINESS ETHICS 1. Managerial mischief. Madsen and Shafritz, in their book â€Å"Essentials of Business Ethics† explain that â€Å"managerial mischief† includes â€Å"illegal, unethical, or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations, as well as the causes of such behaviours and remedies to eradicate them.† There has been a great deal written about managerial mischief, leading many to believe that business ethics is merely a matter of preaching the basics of what is right and wrong. More often, though, business ethics is a matter of dealing with dilemmas that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong. 2. Moral mazes. The other broad area of business ethics is â€Å"moral mazes of management† and includes the numerous ethical problems that managers must deal with on a daily basis, such as potential conflicts of interest, wrongful use of resources, mismanagement of contracts and agreements, etc. THREE APPROACHES TO ETHICS The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas or three main approaches to ethics – Normative Ethics, Descriptive Ethics and Meta-Ethics. NORMATIVE ETHICS: This was the prevalent form of ethics in philosophy until the end of the 19th century. What things are good and bad and what kind of actions / behavior are right and wrong. It involves how people ought to act on the principles, how they make moral choices, and how rules apply to individual lives. It includes a consideration of the importance of human freedom, and a discussion of the limits of a human’s responsibility for moral decisions and for the consequences of actions. Consideration for the role of conscience in moral decision making is also a part of Normative ethics. This may come from an established group of culture, such as the Christian tradition, or it may be based on some other way of thinking. This is the traditional way of doing Ethics. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS: It is the study of ways in which different people and different societies have answered moral questions. It can be described as moral sociology or moral anthropology, a description of the moral code prevailing in different societies. It involves different approaches inside one society to the resolution of ethical problems. META-ETHICS: This is sometimes called moral philosophy or philosophical ethics. This group attracts most interest today. It seeks to understand the meaning and function moral language, of ethical terms like good and bad. It looks at the logic used in arriving at the conclusion of an argument that justifies a moral choice. Posing an ethical question illustrates the different ways the two positions respond to it. If you asked the question â€Å"Is pre-marital sex right,† a Normative Ethical answer would be more concerned with the reasons why it might be right or wrong, how they relate to certain teachings, or traditions of, say the Christian Church, or some other group. A meta-Ethical response would be more interested in what you mean by right, and what it means by a right sexual action as opposed to a wrong one. Meta Ethics has produced a number of different schools, which we will look at over the coming few weeks: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical Naturalism (Definism) Ethical Non-naturalism (Intuitionism) Ethical Non-cognitivism (Emotivism) FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS Recent corporate scandals including Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, and ImClone may cause many to conclude that corporate has no ethics. The term ethics refers to rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. FOUR VIEWS OF ETHICS 1. UTILITARIAN VIEW of ethics says that: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Ethical decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes or consequences. Greatest good is provided for the greatest number Encourages efficiency and productivity and is consistent with the goal of profit maximization 2. RIGHTS VIEW of ethics is concerned with respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges such as the rights to privacy, free speech, and due process. ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Respecting and protecting individual liberties and privileges Seeks to protect individual rights of conscience,  free speech, life and safety, and due process To make ethical decisions, managers need to avoid interfering with the fundamental rights of others 3. Theory of Justice View of ethics is where managers impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially and do so by following all legal rules and regulations. ï‚ § ï‚ § Organizational rules are enforced fairly and impartially and follow all legal rules and regulations Protects the interests of underrepresented stakeholders and the rights of employees 4. INTEGRATIVE SOCIAL CONTRACTS theory proposes that ethical decisions be based on existing ethical norms in industries and communities in determining what constitutes right and wrong. ï‚ § ï‚ § Acts are moral when they promote the individual’s best long-term interests, which ultimately leads to the greater good Individualism is believed to lead to honesty and integrity because that works best in the long run OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS GENERAL BUSINESS ETHICS This part of business ethics overlaps with the philosophy of business, one of the aims of which is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company’s main purpose is to maximize the returns to its shareholders, then it could be seen as unethical for a company to consider the interests and rights of anyone else. Corporate social responsibility or CSR: an umbrella term under which the ethical rights and duties existing between companies and society is debated. Issues regarding the moral rights and duties between a company and its shareholders: fiduciary responsibility, stakeholder concept v. shareholder concept. Ethical issues concerning relations between different companies: e.g. hostile takeovers, industrial espionage. Leadership issues: corporate governance. Political contributions made by corporations. Law reform, such as the ethical debate over introducing a crime of corporate manslaughter. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional ethics covers the myriad practical ethical problems and phenomena which arise out of specific functional areas of companies or in relation to recognized business professions. ETHICS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION Creative accounting, earnings management, misleading financial analysis. Insider trading, securities fraud, bucket shop, forex scams: concerns (criminal) manipulation of the financial markets. Executive compensation: concerns excessive payments made to corporate CEO’s. Bribery, kickbacks, and facilitation payments: while these may be in the (short-term) interests of the company and its shareholders, these practices may be anti-competitive or offend against the values of society. ETHICS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The ethics of human resource management (HRM) covers those ethical issues arising around the employer-employee relationship, such as the rights and duties owed between employer and employee. Discrimination issues include discrimination on the bases of age (ageism), gender, race, religion, disabilities, weight and attractiveness. See also: affirmative action, sexual harassment. Issues surrounding the representation of employees and the democratization of the workplace: union busting, strike breaking. Issues affecting the privacy of the employee: workplace surveillance, drug testing. Issues affecting the privacy of the employer: whistle-blowing. Issues relating to the fairness of the employment contract and the balance of power between employer and employee: slavery, indentured servitude, employment law. Occupational safety and health. ETHICS OF SALES AND MARKETING Marketing which goes beyond the mere provision of information about (and access to) a product may seek to manipulate our values and behavior. To some extent society regards this as acceptable, but where is the ethical line to be drawn? Marketing ethics overlaps strongly with media ethics, because marketing makes heavy use of media. However, media ethics is a much larger topic and extends outside business ethics. Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming. Anti-competitive practices: these include but go beyond pricing tactics to cover issues such as manipulation of loyalty and supply chains. See: anti-competitive practices, antitrust law. Specific marketing strategies: greenwash, bait and switch, shill, viral marketing, spam (electronic), pyramid scheme, planned obsolescence. Content of advertisements: attack ads, subliminal messages, sex in advertising, products regarded as immoral or harmful Children and marketing: marketing in schools . ETHICS OF PRODUCTION This area of business ethics deals with the duties of a company to ensure that products and production processes do not cause harm. Some of the more acute dilemmas in this area arise out of the fact that there is usually a degree of danger in any product or production process and it is difficult to define a degree of permissibility, or the degree of permissibility may depend on the changing state of preventative technologies or changing social perceptions of acceptable risk. Defective, addictive and inherently dangerous products and services (e.g. tobacco, alcohol, weapons, motor vehicles, chemical manufacturing, bungee  jumping). Ethical relations between the company and the environment: pollution, environmental ethics, carbon emissions trading. Ethical problems arising out of new technologies: genetically modified food, mobile phone radiation and health. Product testing ethics: animal rights and animal testing, use of economically disadvantaged groups (such as students) as test objects. ETHICS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Knowledge and skills are valuable but not easily â€Å"ownable† objects. Nor is it obvious who has the greater rights to an idea: the company who trained the employee or the employee themselves? The country in which the plant grew, or the company which discovered and developed the plant’s medicinal potential? As a result, attempts to assert ownership and ethical disputes over ownership arise. Patent infringement, copyright infringement, trademark infringement. Misuse of the intellectual property systems to stifle competition: patent misuse, copyright misuse, patent troll, submarine patent. Even the notion of intellectual property itself has been criticised on ethical grounds: see intellectual property. Employee raiding: the practice of attracting key employees away from a competitor to take unfair advantage of the knowledge or skills they may possess. The practice of employing all the most talented people in a specific field, regardless of need, in order to prevent any competitors employing them. Bioprospecting (ethical) and biopiracy (unethical). Business intelligence and industrial espionage. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS AND ETHICS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The issues here are grouped together because they involve a much wider, global view on business ethical matters. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETHICS While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new  practical issues arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields include: The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behavior. Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Comparison of business ethical traditions from various religious perspectives. Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g. bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair trade movement; transfer pricing. Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism. Varying global standards – e.g. the use of child labour. The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centre’s) to low-wage countries. The permissibility of international commerce with pariah states. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS CONFLICTING INTERESTS Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the employee, the commercial enterprise, and society as a whole. Very often, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties, such that serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the other(s). For example, a particular outcome might be good for the employee, whereas, it would be bad for the company, society, or vice versa. Some ethicists (e.g., Henry Sidgwick) see the principal role of ethics as the harmonization and reconciliation of conflicting interests. ETHICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business ethic in society. For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. However, some point out that self interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. The economist Milton Friedman was a leading proponent of this view. Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law. They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would suggest that this includes even rights of governance. Some theorists have adapted social contract theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic associations, and employees and other stakeholders are given voice over a company’s operations. This approach has become especially popular subsequent to the revival of contract theory in political philosophy, which is largely due to John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice, and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the â€Å"quality movement† that emerged in the 1980s. Professors Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee proposed a version of contract theory for business, which they call Integrative Social Contracts Theory. They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by formulating a â€Å"fair agreement† between the parties, using a combination of i) Macro-principles that all rational people would agree upon as universal principles, and, ii) Micro-principles formulated by actual agreements among the interested parties. Critics say the proponents of contract theories miss a central point, namely, that a business is someone’s property and not a mini-state or a means of distributing social  justice. Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws. It is sometimes claimed that a Gresham’s law of ethics applies in which bad ethical practices drive out good ethical practices. It is claimed that in a competitive business environment, those companies that survive are the ones that recognize that their only role is to maximize profits. On this view, the competitive system fosters a downward ethical spiral. ETHICS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY In the corporate world, business ethics have a major role to play in the manufacturing sector too. It is the duty of the manufacturer to produce the products and goods according to the customer’s requirements and satisfaction. He / She has to produce goods which is of good quality, reasonable price and to top it all it should be safe to use by the customer. In case if the products produced by a particular company are not up to the customer’s expectations or requirements then the customer has a right to question the manufacturer and be compensated for the damage caused to him on using the product. Thus, all companies are taking great care and paying attention to produce proper and good quality products adhering to the standards, lest their company’s reputation does not get affected. Despite all these consumer rights assuming great importance in the society, do all  manufacturing industries follow ethical values and principles in their day to day lives? â€Å"A Business that makes nothing but Money is a Poor kind of Business.† ~ Henry Ford Whether it is for the sake of beating competition or simply because it makes good business sense, companies now have started to internalize business ethics and values. Ethics have become a part and parcel of the entire manufacturing process. Sometime back the bottom line of an enterprise used to be monetary profits but this bottom line today comprises a whole gamut of subjects like quality assurance, environmental friendly practices, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and many more. Gone are the days when companies could act philanthropic and charitable by parting with a miniscule portion of their profits. There is no recognition for an organization that fails to recognize ethics and values in its domain area. MOTOROLA Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wireless and broadband communications. Inspired by its vision of Seamless Mobility, the people of Motorola are committed to helping people get and stay connected simply and seamlessly to information, and entertainment that you want and need. Motorola does this by designing and delivering the â€Å"must have† products, â€Å"must do† experiences and powerful networks — along with a full complement of support services. A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact, Motorola had sales of US$35.3 billion in 2005. KEY BELIEFS – THE WAY MOTOROLA WILL ALWAYS ACT Motorola’s Key Beliefs have been in existence for decades, and Motorola continues to have a strong culture of corporate ethics and citizenship. Since its original establishment in the 1970s, its Code of Business Conduct has provided Motorola employees guidance for their business activities, placing a priority on establishing trust with its stakeholders. However, it is not enough to declare its good values. Motorola is committed to acting on  them–through the potential of its technology and the way they conduct their business. The EthicsLine offers information, advice and suggestions. Use it to discuss any concern or problem – not just for emergencies. The EthicsLine strives to make sure that all questions or concerns are handled fairly, discreetly and thoroughly. ETHICAL PRACTICES PRACTICED BY MOTOROLA Times will change. Our products will change. Our people will change. Our customers will change. What will not change is our commitment to our key beliefs. The key beliefs define who they are as individuals and as a company – to each other, its customers, its shareholders, its suppliers, its competitors and its communities. Uncompromising integrity means staying true to what they believe. Motorola adheres to honesty, fairness and doing the right thing without compromise, even when circumstances make it difficult. Constant respect for people means how Motorola treats everyone with dignity. Constant respect applies to every individual they interact with around the world. The Code of Business Conduct is a guide to help Motorolans live up to Motorola’s high ethical standards — and their own. It summarizes many of the laws that Motorola and all Motorolans are required to live by. The Code goes beyond the legal minimums, however, by describing the ethical values we shar e as Motorolans. The Code is neither a contract nor a comprehensive manual that covers every situation Motorolans throughout the world might encounter. It highlights key issues and identifies policies and resources to help Motorolans reach decisions that will make Motorola proud. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO MOTOROLANS We respect the dignity of each Motorolan. Motorolans will treat each other with respect and fairness at all times. They will value the difference of diverse individuals from around the world. Employment decisions will be based on business reasons, such as qualifications, talents and achievements, and will comply with local and national employment laws. Abusive, harassing or offensive conduct is unacceptable, whether verbal, physical or visual. Examples include derogatory comments based on racial or ethnic characteristics and unwelcome sexual advances. The Motorolans are encouraged to speak out if a co-worker’s conduct makes them uncomfortable and to report harassment if it occurs. They are all responsible for maintaining a safe workplace by following safety and health rules and practices. They are responsible for immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe equipment, practices or conditions to a supervisor or other designated person. Motorola is committed to keeping its workplaces free from hazards. To protect the safety of all employees, each of them must report to work free from the influence of any substance that could prevent them from conducting work activities safely and effectively. Threats or acts of violence or physical intimidation are prohibited. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMERS AND CONSUMERS We earn customer loyalty by delivering on our promises. Maintaining Motorola’s valuable reputation requires complying with its quality processes and safety requirements. Motorola builds long-term relationships with its customers by demonstrating honesty and integrity. Its marketing and advertising will be accurate and truthful. Deliberately misleading messages, omissions of important facts or false claims about its competitors’ offerings are unacceptable. They obtain business legally and ethically. Bribes or kickbacks are unacceptable. Guidance on customer gifts, travel and entertainment is in the Conflicts of Interest section of this Code. Motorola protects its customer information that is sensitive, private or confidential – just as carefully as they protect their own. Only those who have a need to know, have access to confidential information. MOTOROLA’s RESPONSIBILITY TO COMMUNITIES As a global corporate citizen, Motorola creates products and provides services that benefit people around the world. Motorola serves society by  providing life-enhancing products and services at a fair price, and by actively supporting the communities in which they operate. Motorola, the Motorola Foundation and Motorolans throughout the world provide generous financial and voluntary support to thousands of worthwhile community programs. Motorolans are free to support community, charity and political organizations and causes of their choice, as long as they make it clear that their views and actions are not those of Motorola. Employees’ outside activities must not interfere with job performance. No Motorolan may pressure another employee to express a view that is contrary to a personal belief, or to contribute to or support political, religious or charitable causes. Motorola respects the environment by complying with all applicable environmental laws in all countries in which they conduct operations. Motorola is committed to protecting the environment by minimizing the environmental impact of its operations and operating its businesses in ways that foster sustainable use of the world’s natural resources. Motorolans must comply with Motorola’s environmental policies and programs. Notify management if hazardous materials come into contact with the environment or are improperly handled or discarded. Motorola provides fair, accurate, timely and easy to understand information to the public. To ensure professional and consistent handling, requests from the media are forwarded to the local communications group or Corporate Communications. Requests from financial analysts and shareholders are forwarded to Investor Relations. ETHICS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR Human beings have an innate ethical sense that urges them to make predictable choices. Although most people believe that their actions are guided by logic and reason, reason often acts only as a mechanism to justify these choices. Ethics education is about recognizing the real power of one’s innate ethical sense and how it influences our behavior. In this way we can free reason to become a tool to truly guide our actions. Without the wisdom that results from understanding one’s innate ethical self, reason remains a powerful propaganda prop for unchallenged intrinsic human ethical imperatives. Educational institutions are microcosms of culture and the society that  supports them. As such, they should be bastions of ethical behavior. These institutions should be the training ground for students to determine and practice their personal ethics code which will guide them for the remained of their lives. Each classroom becomes a laboratory of the process of decision making, and of critically examining choices in the workplace, interpersonal relationships, and personal lives. Teachers can play an important role in assisting students to view ethical choices as a vital part of their future lives, both as professionals and in their daily living. â€Å"The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.† ~ Albert Schweitzer, German doctor and Theologian. SCHOOL OF ETHICS Business ethics to students has become a critical issue as the future of any nation lies in creating not just CEO’s and headers but in creating successful individuals who are ethically strong. Ethics can be taught in two major ways: 1. THE PHILOSOPHY The best way to encourage students on this path would be to ask students to think of actions that they consider morally right and wrong. Responses like â€Å"that is what our society says† should be gently resisted, on the grounds that they do not account for why certain kinds of actions are favored over others. Later the exercise is repeated with business situations like deceptive product representation, the subjection of employees to unsafe or dangerous working conditions (particularly without their consent), discrimination, padding expense reports and other self-interested lines, monopolistic practices that exclude competitors from the market, and so forth. 2. CONVERSATIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING BUSINESS ETHICS Using conversational learning in business ethics teaching efforts will allow students to become self-reflective, to learn the value of dialogue and good  moral conversation, to learn about others’ learning experiences and attitudes, and to apply the knowledge gained to organizational life. The process seems to foster a trusting environment, one in which students engage in active participation and take personal risks in the classroom. ROLE OF THE STUDENT Listening to others with the intention of learning with them Reflecting intentionally to gain organizational life. Being open – minded and accepting that there are multiple legitimate and viable perspectives and possibilities in any situation. Understanding that there is no right answer or right approach in an ethical situation. Being proactive in anticipating potential ethical and moral dilemmas and finding different ways to learn from different perspectives about how one might address such dilemmas. more understanding of the complexities of ROLE OF THE TEACHER The conversational methods of teaching business ethics have the following requisites:Knowing one’s strengths and shortcomings, being honest with oneself, continuously striving to increase our ethical (and other) self – awareness, seeking and listening to feedback from responsible peers and colleagues. Building an atmosphere of trust and psychological safety and a norm of collective responsibility in the classroom. Generating empathy in the students and making them learn from each other’s experiences. Reflecting and building on differences in perspectives of different students. Emphasizing relationships and social interactions and proactively managing the dynamics of ethical and moral situations, challenges, opportunities and dilemmas. In the long run meaningful dialogue promotes deeper commitment to the goal, purpose of mission of teaching business ethics. However, it is important to recognize that the introduction to talking and learning about values, beliefs, morals and other ethically related issues often generates in students powerful emotional responses ranging from self doubt and shame to frustration and confusion. ETHICS IN the it sector Ethics in IT industry and BPO is a form of art of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context, the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a setting of any industry and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged. Every IT industry has one or more values, whether they are consciously aware of it or not. Another way of saying it is that a value is a statement of the company’s intention and commitment to achieve a high level of performance on a specific Qualitative or Quantitative factor. As a part of more comprehensive compliance and ethic programs in IT companies, many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly generalized language, or they can be more detailed policies containing specific requirements. They are generally meant to identify the companies’ expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling some of the more common ethical problems that might arise. It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to:Ethical Awareness Improvements in ethical policies Consistency in application Avoidance of ethical disasters An increasing number of companies also require employees to attend seminars regarding ethical conduct, which often include discussions of the company’s policies, specific case studies and legal requirements. Some companies even require their employees to sign agreements stating that they will abide to the ethical codes and practices. â€Å"Every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity an obligation; ETHICs – bpo – security Why must BPO Companies hire â€Å"Ethical Hackers† BPO organizations must secure their IT infrastructure and networks. Just as corporations employ auditors to routinely examine financial records, so should BPO Service Providers audit security policy. Without security audits and compliance controls, no real security exists. This is a big problem. There are plenty of individuals waiting to test and probe your organization’s security stance. These individuals range from government to corporate spies, to hackers, crackers, script kiddies, or those who write and release malicious code into the wild. Their presence in your network is not a good thing! Who are Ethical Hackers? An ethical hacker is most similar to a penetration tester. The ethical hacker is an individual who is employed or contracted to undertake an attempted penetration test. These individuals use the same methods employed by hackers. In case you were unsure; hacking is a felony in the United States. Ethical Hackers have written authorization to probe a network. Only then is this attempted hack legal, as there is a contract between the ethical hacker and the organization. In 1995, long before today’s stringent guidelines, one individual received 3 felony counts, 5 years probation, 480 hours of community service, and a $68,000 legal bill for failing to insure proper authorization. How is Ethical Hacking Performed? Primarily, ethical hackers are employed in groups to perform penetration tests. These groups are commonly referred as â€Å"Red Teams†. These individuals are paid by the organization to poke, prod, and determine the overall level of security. Again, what is important here is that they have been given written permission to perform this test and have detailed boundaries to work within. Don’t be lulled into believing that the penalties fro legal penetration are low, it is a felony!! What is the Test about? The Certified Ethical Hacker Exam consists of 21 domains covered in 50 questions. It has a two – hour time limit. These questions have multiple choice answer options. During the test, it is allowed to mark questions for which the answers are not too sure about and then return for later review. The domains were compiled to evaluate the full range of security testing. One must also demonstrate how hacker tools work and demonstrate knowledge of professional security tools, as well as how these tools are utilized. The 21 domains are as follows: 1. Ethics and Legal Issues 2. Footprinting 3. Scanning 4. Enumeration 5. System Hacking 6. Trojans and Backdoors 7. Sniffers 8. Denial of Service 9. Social Engineering 10.Session Hijacking 11.Hacking Web Servers 12.We Application Vulnerabilities 13.Web Based Password Cracking Techniques 14.SQL Injection 15.Hacking Wireless Networks 16.Virus and Worms 17.Hacking Novell 18.Hacking Linux 19.IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots 20.Buffer Overflows 21.Cryptography ETHICS IN the food sector Whether we eat to live or live to eat, we all would have been out to eat, at some point in our lives. The above statement is seriously understated since most of us eat out at least once a week. Whenever we visit a hotel or buy some packaged food, it indirectly indicates the trustworthiness of the brand. The underlying factor contributing towards a brand image is the ethics followed by the company. The food industry shoulders a huge responsibility; the health of their patrons / consumers. The industry has to adhere to laws, procedures, norms and several quality standards. Right from the raw materials, the various ingredients, procurement to the processing and packaging activities have to be meticulously carried out. Now let us see how the various ethical aspects are dealt with in this industry. AAVIN Goodness of milk The first cooperative diary was set up at Chennai city during the year 1927. The state diary development department was established in 1958. The first modern diary plant with a capacity to handle 50,000 litres per day of pasteurized milk was established in the year 1963 at Madhavaram near Chennai with the aid from New Zealand. A diary to handle 50,000 litres per day was  set up at Madurai with the assistance of the UNICEF in 1967. The system consisted of supervised milking at the village level and the transportation of the raw milk in aluminum cans through hired transport vehicles to milk chilling plants or directly to the diary. Quality control happens to be the core element of the organization. Especially since AAVIN deals with perishable products the quality standards and fulfilling them is crucial for the sustenance of the organization. It has added to AAVIN’S goodwill through the ages and also has led to diversification in the long run. The quality control department makes state of the art machines and techniques for fulfilling their promise to provide high quality and hygienic products. Aavin has taken up measures to improve the quality of raw milk procured at the village level milk co-operative societies and also to enforce clean milk practices at the society level to enhance the quality of milk at the initial level itself. The clean milk production programme, includes not only the production of good quality milk, but also improves animal management, feed and fodder, artificial insemination, training to farmers and society personnel, installation of bulk coolers, maintaining milk yard free from flies, dirt etc. and usage of SS vessels to maintain minimum level of bacterial load, according to Aavin sources. In the diary co-operatives, the milk procurement staff is given training in clean milk production at NDDB training centres. The milk producers are educated for hygienic management of animals, milking methods and handling of milk. They are also provided with SS pails and antiseptic solutions for cleaning the animal udder etc. Massive awareness campaigns are carried out among the society members. At present Aavin has three diaries in Chennai, on at Ambattur with a capacity of 4LLPD (Lakh Litre per Day), at Madhavaram with a capacity of 2 LLPD and the third one at Sholinganallur with a capacity of 4 LLPD for procuring milk from district unions, process and packaging in sachets to cater to the needs of consumers in and around Chennai city. All the three diaries are certified with ISO 9001:2000. Efforts are also being taken to get the HACCP certification for these three diaries. 33 ETHICS IN media & advertising sector Media Ethics is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the particular ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. This is the general definition of media ethics and as the definition suggests, there are many dimensions to media. In today’s world, media is given a lot of importance and is considered to be the voice of the public. But there are some who take undue advantage of the freedom given to them for the sake of money, fame or in most cases both. Breach of code of conduct in this industry has more effect on people as it can be seen and followed explicitly. People trust media to give them accurate information and are at time deceived by its exaggerated versions. Media is a double edged sword and it has to be handled very carefully. Its impact is long time and is very powerful and influencing. A balance has to be struck between the purpose of media with the code of ethics. â€Å"Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.† ~ Oscar Wilde, Irish Dramatist and Poet FACEBOOK – AD PLATFORM Facebook Ads represent a completely new way of advertising online. For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people, but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation. And they’re going to do this by using the social graph in the same way our users do.† – Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), Founder and CEO, Facebook, in 2007. â€Å"The new advertising system will target ads based on personal information shared by users with their friends†¦ It also reeks of unethical practices since when these users joined Facebook they were not told or given the chance to opt out and state that their personal information like interests, relationship status, work history, etc. should not be used.† – Sujatha Ganesan, a Business and Technology Lawyer, in 2007. This case discusses the ethical and privacy concerns pertaining to Facebook’s new ad system. On November 06, 2007, Mark Zuckerberg (Zuckerberg), the founder and CEO of Facebook introduced an ad system called Facebook Ads to connect business houses with Facebook users. As of November 2007, Facebook had 55 million active registered users, and was the second fastest growing social networking site, with an astounding year-on-year growth rate of 133 percent. This new system was expected to facilitate offering of better targeted advertisements to the users. According to Zuckerberg, the new ad platform would provide a very different way of online advertising as it would give the advertiser a chance to ‘be a part of the conversation’ by using the ‘social graph’ in the same way as the Facebook users did. Earlier this summer, a Miss America contestant was blackmailed using pictures from her old Facebook page to try to get her dethroned from her title of Miss New Jersey. Amy Polumbo had deleted her Facebook page before the state pageant, but that didn’t stop an anonymous sender who called themselves the â€Å"Committee to Save Miss America.† Polumbo did not give up her crown, and the photos that were sent were not as bad as they were made out to be. But it teaches us all a lesson, especially business owners, about how open one should be on social networking sites. Potential risk to using social networking sites for business related purposes is privacy. One of the hottest issues is Facebook’s new social ad policy, which allows you to basically become a free advertisement for any company they share information with. For example, when you rent a movie from Blockbuster Video, that information is shared with Facebook. Then all of your friends know what you have rented. This can be embarrassing if your business colleague see your Facebook page. The Facebook privacy policy, for example, not only gives them permission to share your information with a third party, it also states that  they may obtain information about you from other sources, such as newspapers, blogs and the like. So not only are they able to collect information about you from their site, but they can use information they collect from other sources. Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society. A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemned to poverty and often to starvation. Trusts controlled some markets to the extent that prices were fixed and small businesses choked out. Price fixing crippled normal market forces. Employees were terminated based on personalities. Influence was applied through intimidation and harassment. Then society reacted and demanded that businesses place high value on fairness and equal rights. Anti-trust laws were instituted. Government agencies were established. Unions were organized. Laws and regulations were established. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in turbulent times. Attention to business ethics is critical during times of fundamental change — times much like those faced now by businesses, both nonprofit and for-profit. During times of change, there is often no clear moral compass to guide leaders through complex conflicts about what is right or wrong. Continuing attention to ethics in the workplace sensitizes leaders and staff to how they want to act — consistently. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity. Ethics programs align employee behaviors with those top priority ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. Usually, an organization finds surprising disparity between its preferred values and the values actually reflected by behaviors in the workplace. Ongoing attention and dialogue regarding values in the workplace builds openness, integrity and community — critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees feel strong alignment between their values and those of the organization. They react with strong motivation and performance. Ethics programs support employee growth and meaning. Attention to ethics in the workplace helps employees face reality, both good and bad -in the organization and themselves. Employees feel full confidence they can admit and deal with whatever comes their way. Ethics programs are an insurance policy — they help ensure that policies are legal. There are an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organization’s services or products on stakeholders. Ethical principles are often state-of-the-art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues to become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It’s far better to incur the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices now than to incur costs of litigation later. A major intent of well-designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment of employees, e.g., in matters of hiring, evaluating, disciplining, firing, etc. Ethics programs help avoid criminal acts â€Å"of omission† and can lower fines. Ethics programs tend to detect ethical issues and violations early on so they can be reported or addressed. In some cases, when an organization is aware of an actual or potential violation and does not report it to the appropriate authorities, this can be considered a criminal act, e.g., in business dealings with certain government agencies, such as the Defense Department. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management — this benefit needs far more attention. Ethics programs identify preferred values and ensuring organizational behaviors are aligned with those values. This effort includes recording the values, developing policies and procedures to align behaviors with preferred values, and then training all personnel about the policies and procedures. This overall effort is very useful for several other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to be aligned with values, including quality management, strategic planning and diversity management. Total Quality Management includes high priority on certain operating values, e.g., trust among stakeholders, performance, reliability, measurement, and feedback. Eastman and Polaroid use ethics tools in their quality programs to ensure integrity in their relationships with stakeholders. Ethics management techniques are highly useful for managing strategic values, e.g., expand marketshare, reduce costs, etc. Ethics programs promote a strong public image. Attention to ethics is also strong public relations — admittedly, managing ethics should not be done primarily for reasons of public relations. The fact that an organization regularly gives attention to its ethics can portray a strong positive to the public. People see those organizations as valuing people more than profit, as striving to operate with the utmost of integrity and honor. Aligning behavior with values is critical to effective marketing and public relations programs. Overall benefits of ethics programs: Managing ethical values in the workplace legitimizes managerial actions, strengthens the coherence and balance of the organization’s culture, improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups, supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products, and cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprise’s values and messages. Last – and most — formal attention to ethics in the workplace is the right thing to do. CONCLUSION Whenever and wherever there are meaningful discussions to create better socio-economic conditions in the society or to make the world a better place to live in, the discussions invariably touch Business and Industry or Trade and Commerce also besides other areas of human activities. Those who run their business or industry on principles of honesty, integrity and justice are the ones who raise the prestige of their nation and are inspiring examples unto others. However, there are people who indulge into unfair, unjust, dishonest or socially harmful activities and do not believe in  fairplay and excellence. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individual’s financial control of their lives. It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and services available to individuals. It has broken down countless centuries-old barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime mover in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Because business decisions often require specialized knowledge, ethical issues are often more complicated than those faced in personal life — and effective decision making requires consistency. Because each business situation is different, and not all decisions are simple, many organizations have embraced ethical codes of conduct and rules of professional ethics to guide managers and employees. However, sometimes self-regulation proves insufficient to protect the interest of customers, organizations, or society. At that point, pressures for regulation and enactment of legislation to protect the interests of all parties in the exchange process will likely occur. Maintaining a strong ethical culture is essential for complying with the laws and regulations, but this alone cannot be the motivation for ethical culture building. Beyond the large impact an organization’s culture has on the bottom line, the development of programs to foster ethical conduct must maintain a focus on fairness, encouragement, and communication at all employee levels. Along these lines, employees must be given the appropriate tools and models to align their behavior with company culture and engag e in ethical decision-making. The attitudes, choices, and actions of business leaders play a primary role in the creation of an organization’s ethical culture and climate; expectations for employees’ ethical behavior can only be set as high as the organization’s leadership is willing to meet. A leader’s ability to consistently promote ethical conduct in an organization is critical to ensuring that employees understand how to make â€Å"doing what is right† a priority. Thus it can be  concluded that, Ethics are important not only in business but in all aspects of life because it is an essential part of the foundation on which of a civilized society is build. A business or society that lacks ethical principles is bound to fail sooner or later. â€Å"Live in such a way that you would not be Ashamed to sell your parrot to the town gossip.† ~ Will Rogers